Lockie Leonard Proflie Essay

Lockie Leonard is 13 year old boy but he turns 14 in the book. He lives in a small town called Angelus with his family of 5, his dad’s name is Sarge and his mum’s name is Joy, he has a little brother and sister named Phillip and Blob. Blob is just a todler who can not walk or talk yet, Phillip thinks heis a mad scientist and likes to check girls out â€Å"A note from the teacher saying that he was obsessed with sex†p. 184, and he also still wets the bed and he is 11 years old. His best friend is Egg but he moved away, but they still talk by letters. Lockie is in love with Viki Streeton, according to him she is the hottest girl in school. His mum was depressed and crying all the timeand no one had any idea what was going on especially Lockie, Lockie was very troubled by this he was confused. Joy used to do all the things around thehouse like clean, wash and cook dinner but after she left Lockie had do all these jobs. In doing all these jobs and doing them well and his mum being sick Lockie and Sarge grew closer in there relationship in trusting each and talking to each other. After a while in hospital his mum was gradually getting better, Lockie went to talk to her every day because he missed her and wanted to make sure she was alright. Eventually she got out and she was felling great and had never felt better so Lockie’s life was back to normal, his mum was alright and his relationship with his dad was great and him and Viki had sort of started things again so it was going perfect.

Improving Student Outcomes And Provide Education Across Malaysia Education Essay

The end of the Education National Key Results Area ( NKRA ) is to better pupil results and provide quality instruction for all pupils across Malaysia. By looking globally at the best acting schools, four indispensable countries have been identified. They are: the demand to guarantee every kid succeeds ; the demand to keep schools accountable for alterations in pupil results ; the demand to put in great leaders for every school ; and the demand to pull and develop top instructors. Research confirms that a assortment of inducements for the assorted phases of instructors ‘ callings should be in topographic point. A World Bank rating corroborates the value of inducements towards bettering instructor quality ( Vegas & A ; Umansky 2005 ) . There are assorted types of instructor inducements including fiscal, working conditions and instructional support ( Kemmerer, 2007 ) . Fiscal inducements include pecuniary, in-kind support, benefits and fillips. Instructional Support, on the other manus, includes points such as proviso of back uping stuffs, ongoing professional development and calling chances. Finally, inducements related to working conditions consist of things such as category wellness and safety conditions and proviso of equal interruptions. Teachers by and large do non come in the profession for fiscal benefits so inducements must non merely expression at fiscal compensation but other countries that motivate and inspire good pattern. These wagess can include satisfaction from high pupil accomplishment, acknowledgment, influence, larning new accomplishments, and personal growing ( Tomlinson, 2000 ; Odden 2000b ) . School staff should hold the chance for a calling way where excellence is rewarded with a assortment of inducements that tap into both their intrinsic and extrinsic motive. Merely a few states have formalized a robust systems of performance-related wage in any sector ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2006 ) and even fewer in the instruction sector. Tucker and Sclaifani ( 2006 ) indicate that in order for public presentation related wage to be effectual three thoughts must come into drama. First, we must be able to mensurate the end product linked to the public presentation whether at the person or squad degree. Second, the end products from persons or squads must better the overall organizational end products. Last, that the wages can be delivered in a mode that takes advantage of its likely incentive value for prospective receivers. Many inquiry if it is possible, in administrations such as schools, which are extremely complex to develop just rating systems linked to public presentation wage. Other concerns are that coaction among instructors will endure and that incentives linked to capable countries or exam consequences will contract the course of study ( Tucker and Sclaifani, 2006 ) . There are a assortment of different public presentation theoretical accounts. Fiscal wagess given based on pupil public presentation and lesson observations is called merit-pay ( McCollum, 2001 ) . Odden ( 2000 ) describes cognition and skill-based compensation as increased wage given to those who receive extra makings which is assumed to better instructors ‘ abilities. School-based compensation, involves group-based fiscal wagess normally based on pupil public presentation ( Odden and Kelley, 2002 ) . A set of criterions for teacher public presentation and measuring tools is cardinal to being able to reasonably reward staff for their public presentation. Merit wage given to instructors separately has proved to be unpopular in schools making competition and extinguishing the indispensable squad work and coaction needed to construct excellence in school ( Odden, 2000 ) . Incentive payments to full staff in schools have many times produced improved pupil accomplishment. This is most likely because of the demand to work together, back up new or weaker instructors and to promote instructors who do non better to travel to a different profession. Odden ( 2000 ) besides believes the sum of the fillip is of import and recommends 5-8 % of one-year wage as a wages for making marks. Figure 1 from Woessman ( 2010 ) below shows the consequences of a survey of assorted states demoing in general where wage for public presentation has been implemented reading, authorship, and math tonss have by an d large been higher. Merit-pay theoretical accounts were criticised for unfavorably altering coaction between instructors. Performance-based wages systems, research now argues, can increase collegiality by honoring co- operation between instructors ( Solomon and Podgursky, 2001 ; Cohn, 1996 ) , through group-based wage wagess ( Mohrman, Mohrman, and Odden, 1996 ; McCollum, 2001 ) . Several oppositions of performance-based wagess postulate there is grounds of better/more collegiality when group public presentation wagess are used ( See, for illustration, Firestone and Pennell, 1993 ) . Many studies conclude that intrinsic wagess are really of import to instructors ( Firestone and Pennell, 1993 ) . Firestone and Pennell ( 1993 ) argue that rating can sabotage the intrinsic wagess for instructors, as the â€Å" feedback in the signifier of public presentation rating undermines intrinsic motive, even when the rating is positive † ( accent in original ) nevertheless a significant organic structure of literature argues performance-based wages systems are an betterment on the efficiency of salary graduated tables Odden and Kelly ‘s research confirms that wage for public presentation strategies and other inducements for instructors and principals can hold positive effects on pupil accomplishment. These methods are most effectual when they are accompanied by professional development plans, the support of school leading, accurate and dependable coverage of pupil accomplishment, and strong feedback mechanisms.5 Odden and many others argue that the single-salary agenda can non take instruction to the degrees of productiveness presently needed. Lazear ‘s analysis of the effectivity of output-based wage suggests that performance-based mechanisms can be effectual if they are carefully designed and tied to allow metrics.40 Many of the earlier programmes tended to concentrate on single public presentation, in peculiar virtue wage ( Richardson, 1999 ) , with recent arguments more likely to see group-based wages programmes, or cognition and accomplishment based wagess ( Odden, 2000a ; Odden and Kelley, 2002 ) . A 2004 OECD study on teacher quality found that the job of instructor deficits is permeant throughout OECD states and that the deficiency of quality instructors is holding a negative impact on pupil larning. Across-the-board salary accommodations, targeted inducements and alternate employment steps are typical attacks that most states adopt to relieve instructor deficits, but that policies must turn to other critical facets such as â€Å" working conditions, professionalism, flexibleness, occupation security, instruction demands and occupation satisfaction from working with pupils. Must be replaced with a system that connects parts to compensation in meaningful ways and that could be embraced by employers and instructors likewise Two-thirdss of OECD states have implemented performance-related salary systems in their public sectors, but few have used them in instruction. It is still true that few states have formalized a robust system of performance-related wage in any sector. When be aftering for an inducement plan the undermentioned chart is helpful to see effects both desirable and unwanted.IncentivesIntentional or Unintentional designDesired ImpactUndesired impactFor illustration:IncentivesIntentional designJob security linked to prove tonssDesired ImpactImproved instruction and better acquisitionUndesired impactTeaching to the trial ; dropping of low acting pupilsIncentivesUnintentional designStrong brotherhoods make it hard to fire instructorsDesired ImpactGood instructors feel more confident and secure in their occupations and hence Teach wellUndesired impactBad instructors can remain indefinitelyMost of the inducements researched have been negotiated and employed without programs for strict rating. The bulk of articles cited in international documents are studies instead than ratings that attempt to link results to the performance-related system in topographic point.Current Incentives in the Malayan Education SystemAction Research Projects: some en terprises have been conducted in this country throughout the state, but the enterprises are non monitored consistently, so findings are non reported efficiently.A Advanced surveies: There are three manners for instructors and principals to prosecute in advanced surveies: 1 ) A they receive full wage, with no scholarships ( to cover tuition etc, they will hold to pay on their ain ) 2 ) A they receive half wage, with scholarship given to cover tuition etc 3 ) A if they receive direct scholarship offers from any organisation/institution, they will hold to inquire permission from the relevant Ministry of Education section for blessing. These are decided on a individual footing Scholarships are merely for public universities in Malaya Ministry of Education has a distant acquisition degree plan from the local universities for the instructors and Head Teachers of the rural primary schools. Three organic structures sponsor these ; the public service section, the instructor instruction division and sometimes-individual MOE establishments like the School Leadership Institute Teachers in rural or interior schools receive a pecuniary inducement runing from RM700-RM1500 on top of their wage and life or lodging allowances. Resettlement allowances: Teachers receive an allowance when they receive a transportation from one school to another, from one to town to another or from one province to another province. Travel agreements are besides provided to the instructors and their households to travel to their new topographic point of work. An agent appointed by the MOE to direct them over to their new topographic point of work will manage their properties. All civil retainers besides enjoy free medical intervention from the govt. infirmaries they besides can use for loans to purchase a computing machine, a auto and even a house. The Government Transformation Programme ( GTP ) Roadmap states that HPS will have inducements, which include an one-year allotment of RM700, 000 per school, every bit good as RM1, 000 and RM700 for school caputs, instructors and non-academic staff in secondary and primary schools, severally. The schools besides enjoy greater liberty in decision-making and let high-achieving pupils to progress faster through the system. National, State and District Awards Many awards are available for instructorKhazanah Incentives for School StaffIncentiveResearch SummaryDesired/UndesiredRating for Trust School InitiativeFinancial ( comprises of Monetary, In sort, Benefits and Bonuses ) MonetaryNew instructor get downing fillipName: Secondary Deficit Capable Scheme Description: Up to ?5000 paid to persons in last twelvemonth of survey to fall in the instruction force after graduation Dates:1985 to show. State: UK, Wales Effective at pulling but non retaining new instructors Name: Golden Hello Description: ?2500-5000 for come ining and successfully finishing the initiation stage in secondary topics Dates: 2002 to show State: United kingdom Evaluation: Effective at pulling but non retaining new instructors Desired: Qualified campaigners are available to learn in schools Undesired: Peoples are attracted merely for fiscal intents but so go forth the calling one time other higher paid options are availableSalary graduated tablesDescription: Higher compensation in the early old ages in order to promote instructors to come in the field Dates: varies States: Australia, Denmark, England, Finland, Description: Higher salary additions mid-career instructors to retain them Dates: varies States ; Austria, Japan, and Portugal Description: Wagess experienced instructors with largest additions Dates: variesStates: Greece, Hungary, and New ZealandName: n/aDescription: Across the board wage rises promote the best people to remain Dates: 1990 State: Chile Evaluation: a World Bank study notes that instructors ‘ experience has non been found to be an of import forecaster of pupil accomplishment in the major empirical surveies ( World Bank 1997, 97 ) Desired: Teachers feel valued and execute good Undesired: Good instructors leave the profession due to fiscal groundsProject engagement wageName: Accelerated Teaching Program ( Unicef ) Description-all instructor receive fillip inducement each three months Dates: 1998-2007 State: Liberia Evaluation: This plan has issues with payments to instructors but otherwise was judged to better buy-in and results for pupils Desired: Teachers feel valued and ‘buy in ‘ to new enterprises Undesired: Teachers feel overwhelmed with the alteration procedure and leave stationsExtra allowance for distant locations/low acting schools ( hardship allowance )Description: Teachers receive salary addendums to learn in deficit or rural countries Purpose: Ensure instructors are available for all kids State: Canada/Chile/Ireland/Australia/Malaysia Desired: Qualified campaigners are willing to learn in hard areas/circumstancesUndesired:Materials AllowanceDescription: Materials allowances given to all schools at start of reform undertaking to purchase resources that enhance the acquisition environment Purpose: To advance bargain in to project and heighten instruction and acquisition environment Dates:2006-present State: UAE Evaluation: Effective in making a learning civilization Desired: Schools feel empowered and have the tools they need to better their schools Undesired: Schools spend money on resources that do non better pupil outcomes e.g. ornamentsTravel AllowanceDescription: Teachers given train base on ballss to acquire to workPurpose: Part of the benefitsDates: ongoingState: Japan Canada, Australia, Europe- Moving costs to initial occupation arrangement for most arrangements in rural countries or challenging schools Desired: Teachers are more willing to work in locations farther from place base ensuing in a supply of instructors available Undesired: Teachers take allowance but have high degrees of absence In Kind SupportAwardsName: NationalTeachingExcellenceAward Descriptionprovidesawardsfor50teachersthatwerenominatedattheschoollevelandmadeitthroughthenationalqualificationstothe rewardlevel Name: School based Award Description: Awards at the school degree with discretional financess made available by the authorities Purpose: To honor first-class instructorsDates:State: Denmark, Netherlands Desired: Recognition of Good work leads to more good work and sharing of good pattern Undesired: Some co-workers feel covetous or angry and do lessFree or subsidised lodgingDescription: free adjustments in its distant countries Purpose: To promote staff to populate in distant countriesDates:State: Danmark Desired: Qualified campaigners are willing to learn in distant countries Undesired: Poor quality instructors are attracted to schools that need the most supportFree or subsidized nutrientDescription: Free or subsidized nutrient to staff State: European states Desired: Qualified campaigners are willing to learn in distant countries Undesired: Poor quality instructors are attracted to schools that need the most supportPlots of landDescription: Plots of land given to staff Purpose: Encouragement to make a place base in rural countriesDates:State: Africa Desired: Qualified campaigners are willing to learn in distant countries Undesired: Poor quality instructors are attracted to schools that need the most supportLow involvement loansDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Demark, Greece-Preferential rates for mortgages at the discretion of the local school governments Desired: Teachers feel more financially unafraid and there are more able to concentrate on be aftering first-class lessons Undesired: Teachers take loans but there is no betterment in learningScholarships for ain kidsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Worldwide: Most international schools provide free topographic points for staff kids Desired: Teachers who bring their ain kids to a school want the best for their kid and work harder Undesired: Teachers kids get particular interventionFree points: e.g. books, laptops etcDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Denmark-teachers who agree to learn in distant countries are eligible a place personal computing machine, and entree to wholesale shoppingDesired:Undesired:Benefits PaidDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Australia- to remain in distant countries, excess one-year leave of 5-8 yearssDesired:Undesired:Unpaid leaveDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Canada-allows instructors to take unpaid leave for household events, holidaies etcDesired:Undesired:SabbaticalDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Australia-all caputs eligible for sabbatical every 5 old ages. Paid at 80 % for 4 old ages to enable this at no costDesired:Undesired:Recognition towards a publicity Description: Recognition towards a hereafter publicity for learning in disputing or distant countriesPurpose:Dates:State: Korea, ChinaDesired:UndesiredSick leaveDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Pregnancy LeaveDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Health insuranceDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: Europe-countries include wellness benefits over and above the usual societal services accorded to all citizensDesired:Undesired:PensionDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Additional Paid Work Description: teachersarepaid $ 20.00perdayforeach studentteacherundertheirdirectionbi-weekly.Dates:State: Nanavut CanadaDesired:Undesired:Life insuranceDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:CrecheDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:BonussWhole school public presentation based wage linked to exam consequences or KPI marksName: NationalPerformanceEvaluationSystem Description: Schools are grouped by social-economic conditions, and so the top 25 per centum within each group are rewarded for their public presentationPurpose:Dates:State: Chile Evaluation: Increased the tonss in the province test by between four and 18 points ; effects were greater among those schools with more favorable external conditions. Date: c2004 State: Israel Evaluation: ledtoimprovedteachingmethods, increasedafter-schooltutoring, andbetterresponsivenesstostudents'needsonthepartofteachers ProfessionalCompensationSystemforTeachers 1999-2003 Denver, USA Evaluation: Evidencefromthepilotprogramstronglysuggestedthatthepayforperformanceprogramwas a † catalystforchangethatbenefitsallstudentsandteachers. † 34 Studenttestscores weresignificantlyhigherforelementaryandmiddleschoolstudentsinclassroomswithteachers whohadbeeninthepilotfortwoormoreyears Desired: Schools pull together as a whole squad to better pupil results Desired: Student Accomplishment additions Undesired: Teachers teach to the trial, ignore low executing pupils or darnel to demo advancement Undesired: Freerider'problem ; someteacherswhoarenotcontributingtotheoutcomesofstudentsarerewardedbecauseof others'action Undesired: Could honor â€Å" wealth † instead than public presentation, disproportionately honoring instructors at high-performing schools chiefly for the natural stuffs they are handed – i.e. , better pupils. Undesired: Teachers focus on certain topics to the disregard of other topics.Individual public presentation based wageName: Teacher Excellence Incentive Description: $ 200 million fund, for one-year fillips of up to $ 2,500 to honor â€Å" effectual † schoolroom instructors employed by territories that agreed to fit the province moneyPurpose:Dates:State: Texas, USA Description: Pay based on run intoing instructor criterions Dates: 2003-present State: Suomi Name ; Description: Excess wage for instructors who increased GSCE consequences Dates: State: United kingdom Evaluation: foundthatthestudentsscoredonaveragehalfaGCSEpointmorethanequivalentpupilstaught Bythesameteachersbeforethesystemwasputinplace.Description:Purpose:Dates:State: Colorado, USA Evidence strongly suggests that the wage for public presentation plan was a â€Å" accelerator for alteration that benefits all pupils and instructors.Description:Purpose:Dates:State: Israel-study found that wage for public presentation enterprises had a positive impact on pupil accomplishment -led to improved instruction methods, increased after-school tutoring, and better reactivity to pupils ‘ demands. Desired: persons who are making outstanding work are recognised Undesired: Promotes competition non coaction among instructorsBonus wage for excess activitiesDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: USA- extra wage stipends for duty for an activity after school, such as yearbook or athleticss but the supervising of pupils between categoriesDesired:Undesired:No absence BonusDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: India-ThePublicReport onBasicEducation ( PROBE ) convincinglyshowedthatone-thirdofthehead teacherswereabsent in India on a given twenty-four hoursAfrica-Desired:Undesired:Physical EnvironmentDescription: Improvement inthe physical installationsPurpose:Dates:State: India-was a factor that influenced motivationlevels. Cleanliness, conveyance, furniture, imbibing H2O and lavatories ( for adult females instructors ) – the list was reasonably longDesired:Undesired:Grants for schoolroom or school undertakingDescription:Purpose:Dates:State: UK-ASTA can use for a grant to better a specific facet of a schoolDesired:Undesired:Bonus for rural schoolsDescrip tion:Purpose:Dates:State: Australia-Desired:Undesired:Instructional Support Ongoing Professional DevelopmentPayment towards a QualificationName: ProComp Description: Evaluates and compensate instructors based on a figure of factors, including grades and professional development units obtainedPurpose:Dates:State: :Denver, USA Evaluation: At least 100 surveies in the past decennary have documented that extremely skilled, extremely effectual instructors help pupils larn moreDesired:Undesired:In service Training CoursesName: Teacher Empowerment -a plan sponsored by the United Nations Children s Fund ( UNICEF ) . Description: better the school environment by tapping into school-level resources, administrative support and to hike instructors ‘ morale, self-esteem that, in bend, boosts pupil registration and attending.Purpose:Dates:State: IndiaName: Joyful Learning Description: involves child-centred activities and promotes active acquisition patterns by actuating kids and instructors to wish acquisition, and instructors to follow active acquisition activities in the schoolroom.Desired:Undesired:Accredited CPDDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Time off for University classsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Coaching and Mentoring supportDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Book ClubsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Career DevelopmentPromotionDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Excellent teachers/Lead instructorsName: Advanced Skills Teacher/SpecialistClassroomTeacherfor SecondarySchools Description: Promotion without go forthing the school for an disposal station. Teachers spend 20 % of clip assisting instructors in other schools /NZ $ 6,500supplement Purpose: To maintain first-class instructors in schools ; portion good patternDates: / 2006 pilotState: UK/New ZealandName: Pedagogical Excellence Award Description: Award granted after requires base on balls in a written appraisal of pedagogical and content cognition and entry a portfolio. Purpose: To honor first-class instructorsDates: 2002 to showState: ChileDesired:Undesired:MaterialsGuide books for instructional intentsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Textbooks and other stuffsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:ResourcesDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Desired:Undesired:Working ConditionssClass SizeDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Planing TimeDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Health and safetyDescription:Purpose: high absenteeism is traced to hapless motive and working conditions )Dates:State:ComfortDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Praise/RecognitionDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Teaching aides/assistantsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Adequate interruptionsDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Administration SupportDescription:Purpose:Dates:State:Khazanah Incentives for School Staff: A Proposal of Bespoke OptionsThe plan provides increases in compensation based on increased cognition and accomplishments, professional rating, willingness to ma ke full hard-to-staff places or learn in hard-to-serve schools, and making specified pupil growing aims, including public presentation on the province tests, and other inducements related to school- broad distinguished public presentation. Tiing additions in teacher compensation to student achievement appears to supply inducements To instructors to look actively for ways to better their public presentation that might hold been available before the inducements were offered, and that their involvement in actively taking advantage of such op- chances increases. Evaluation These methods are most effectual when they are accompanied by professional development plans, the support of school leading, accurate and dependable coverage of pupil accomplishment, and strong feedback mechanisms.3 A list of proposals suited for Trust schools can be found below. There is a assortment of options included with each so that costs can be reduced or increased as needed by Khazanah to guarantee maximal impact. Incentives should be discussed in focal point groups with selected school staff in both rural and non-rural schools to guarantee school staff voice has been heard with relation to inducements. Start up- research shows change direction requires motive Whole School Based-research shows whole school based inducements create coaction and concerted acquisition Lateral Awards-evidence show competition between schools is healthy Individual Rewards-each individual is motivated otherwise. Some people who have gone beyond the call of responsibility deserve to be recognised and rewarded. Equally long as competition is non within a school, there should be no negative impact Abstraction: Teachers at the start of the undertaking need motivation and incentive to ‘buy-in ‘ to a new manner of working which necessarily will be harder and take more clip and attempt but should ensue in greater occupation satisfaction and better consequences for kids in the long tally. In order to get down to inquire instructors to prosecute the followers options are suggested: Phase: Undertaking Start-up Name: Khazanah School Tool Kit Targeted at: Whole school staff Consequences in: occupation satisfaction ; pride ; buy-in Detailss: A branded ‘tool box ‘ given to each new Trust school staff member complied with basic equipment ( stage or occupation specific ) and personalised to the school/subject demands For illustration, art stuffs, pens, whiteboard markers, spines, documents†¦ could include laptops and other points to better engineering Forms to bespeak for immediate support from a Khazanah Emergency Fund for little points with set bounds per point and per school ( e.g. up to 100 ringgit per point and up to 1000 ringgit per term ) that will impact instantly Khazanah Teacher Portfolio-a branded portfolio designed for instructors and caput instructors to maintain their grounds base in an orderly manner in order to consequence some of the alterations to learning and larning that are required Materials: Welcome missive, Khazanah branded items- e.g. chapeau, notepad, write ( All staff ) Principals above plus laptop ; Teachers besides kit for the category with markers, pens, spines, art stuffs ; ( to document grounds ) Schools-digital camera to document grounds x 3 ; Approximate cost: Laptops x 10 ; Cameras x30 ;Evaluation:Phase: Start -up Name: Khazanah School Environment Grant Targeted at: Whole schoolConsequences in: better larning environments ;Detailss:Materials: Cash ; Guidance brochureApproximate cost:Evaluation:Abstraction: Teachers in trust schools will be encouraged to work at a degree above the current Ministry criterions. In order to actuate instructors to travel frontward and to give acknowledgment an Award will be bestowed on those teachers/head instructors who meet the Trust school criterions. All teachers/head instructors should take for this award about all instructors should have this award in due class Phase: Ongoing Name: Khazanah Teacher, Master Teacher Awards ; Principal/Master Principal Awards Targeted at: All learning staff Consequences in: Recognition, pride, a valuable making, Detailss: Extra elements added to Performance Standards to draw a bead on towards being a Khazanah teacher/master teacher/Principal or Maestro Principal Document brochure will be provided with full inside informations of application procedure with signifiers and illustration Annual Regional Khazanah Award ceremonial where awards are bestowed Each teacher/principal who meets the criterions receives a certification and pin to be worn at school A pick of wages includes: For Teachers: Two-day external Professional Development class Write up in the Khazanah Trust newssheet A transcript of a book on Best Practices in learning Cash wages For Master instructors: Laptop Payment towards a Masters Unit Attendance at a Regional conference Speaker at Khazanah Leadership conference For Principal: Laptop Malaysia Study visit to Best Practice schools in state ( one hebdomad ) Payment towards Masters Unit Attendance at a Regional conference For Master Principals Option of paid sabbatical after 7 old ages International Study visit ( one hebdomad ) Payment towards two units of a Masters/PhD Speaker at Khazanah Principal ‘s conference Materials: Detailed manual including application signifiers ; pins, CPDApproximate cost:Evaluation:Phase:Name: Khazanah Excellent Practice Research ScholarshipsTargeted atConsequences in: Local cognition, acknowledgment, new accomplishments Detailss: Teacher links with a local university -contacts would necessitate to be negotiated with Khazanah /Nord Anglia University provides basic information on research in this country Cover may be needed for instructors categories Teacher implements or observes a alteration in schoolroom with support from university Forms, preparation and processs will be created to back up this procedure Research to be published on Khazanah Trust schools Portal or newssheets Small grants possibly available up to 1000 ringgit for instructors research demands The Research Office reviews all proposals for eligibility. Those petitions that qualify are given to the Research Council for competitory reappraisal and rating. The Research Council will supply a prioritized list of recommendations for support to the Vice President for Research, based on the quality of the proposals as reflected in the reappraisal standard. The Vice President for Research will do award determinations based on recommendations and available financess. The Research Office reviews all proposals for eligibility. Those petitions that qualify are given to the Research Council for competitory reappraisal and rating. The Research Council will supply a prioritized list of recommendations for support to the Vice President for Research, based on the quality of the proposals as reflected in the reappraisal standard. The Vice President for Research will do award determinations based on recommendations and available financess. Fundss from the General Research Fund ( GRF ) are awarded to faculty for research that is non otherwise supported by organized or directed plans. The purpose of the GRF is to enable module to transport out scholarly, originative work that should take to the chase of other support beginnings, or advance the development of scholarly activities. Undertakings funded through the GRF could include: pilot research, exigency support, emerging research chances, new research field or new research field for research worker, developing research research labs, or centrally-shared research resources. Materials: Support for university grants ; hard currency Approximate cost: 20,000 $ USEvaluation:Abstraction: Cover is an issue uncovered during the baselining procedure. In other states, we have found similar issues. Making a system that rewards instructors for screen could incentivise instructors to take categories.Phase:Name: Khazanah Cover Teacher Points SystemTargeted atConsequences in: safe and unafraid environment for pupilsDetailss: A screen timetable is produced for each school Teacher receive points for each screen lesson done Documents and processs will be provided for this procedure At terminal of month or terminal of term instructors choose from the list below based on points Ten cover lessons: Flash thrust and educational book 20 cover lessons: Voucher to purchase supplies 30 cover lessons: Sponsorship to travel to a Conference Materials: flash thrusts ; books ; verifiers ; conference feesApproximate cost:Evaluation:Khazanah Academic Targets AwardCreates: whole school buy-in, teamwork, improved consequencesEach school receives specific annually marks based on informations from baselining visits Schools have progress meetings with Cluster Managers each one-fourth to discourse betterments towards marks Schools that meet marks receive: Schools that meet over 60 % of marks: Grant for 5000 ringgit towards one of the undermentioned enterprises: school library, ICT integrating, betterment of school environment or another justifiable enterprise in the school Schools that meet over 80 % of marks: Grant for 10000 ringgit towards one of the undermentioned enterprises: school library, ICT integrating, betterment of school environment or another justifiable enterprise in the school Schools that meet all marks: Grant for 25000 ringgit towards one of the undermentioned enterprises: school library, ICT integrating, betterment of school environment or another justifiable enterprise in the school In add-on: all staff receive certifications, school trophy, award ceremonial ; acknowledgment in Khazanah newssheets etc.Khazanah Education ConferenceCreates: Professional dutyEach school is to lend to the presentations by electing a staff member to run a workshop demoing good pattern from their school Each Principal presents a journey through the alterations in their ain school Conference inside informations to be planned and organized by Nord Anglia ( e.g. Heartss and heads ) International talker Travel costs to conference Besides leading conference for School PrincipalsKhazanah School Grant AwardsCreates: enterprise to better countries of the schoolEach school may use for up to 2 grants per academic twelvemonth Grants will be to a maximal sum Booklet and application processs and procedure, rating to be provided Grants can be for any enterprise that is likely to better pupil accomplishment and/or wellbeing Every school has the chance of being selected to have a grant Lateral Awards-Across Trust school inducements Abstraction: A scope of awards to advance competition and inducement across the trust schools is needed. For each proposal accepted a Booklet will be designed with the standards, application procedure and grounds base needed. Most Improved school Most Improved instructor Best Leader Award Khazanah Most Improved Trust School Award Best Community Involvement Best Parental Support plans Most supportive school -supporting others within the TrustAdvanced Khazanah School AwardAbstraction: This is a extremely esteemed award given merely to schools that are outstanding and still go oning to better and a theoretical account for others. As the trust schools grow in figure in each twelvemonth, these schools will be used to see, portion good pattern and lead others. Pride and acknowledgment in the community and the Trust school group are the wages for this accomplishment. For Principals:Salary Scale AdjustmentsCreates: equity and equality in working conditions ; retaining of staffPrincipals wages reviewed in each school and exceed up wages provided bespoke to schools to guarantee that principal is on a higher graduated table than other staff ; in little schools, principals can make higher wage graduated tables and they are non limited to Ministry graduated tables

Del Monte Fresh Produce

The plaintiffs Del Monte Fresh Produce Company and Del Monte Fresh Produce, N. A. , Inc. incorporated in Delaware Florida, respectively and the defendants Dole Food Company, Inc. and Dole Fresh Fruit Company, incorporated in Hawaii and Nevada, respectively were developers, growers, processors and distributors of pineapples by profession. The plaintiff developed a new variety of extra sweet pineapples, which was named as MD-2 or the â€Å"Del Monte Gold Extra Sweet†.The cultivation of this new variety of pineapple was commenced in Costa Rica. In the year1991, Cabo Marzo, which was a Costa Rican farm and one of Dole’s suppliers of pineapples, managed to procure Del Monte’s MD-2 plant material. Subsequently, Dole announced in the pineapple market that it had developed a new super sweet pineapple variety, which it named as the â€Å"Dole Premium Select†, in order to offer competition to the â€Å"Gold Extra Sweet† variety developed by Del Monte. Procedu ral History:In the Southern District Court of Florida a complaint was filed by Del Monte against Dole for breach of section 1125 of the Lanham Act; violation of the Florida Trade Secret Act on account of misappropriation of trade secrets; conversion and the adoption of deceptive and unfair trade practices as per the provisions of the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act. The contention of Del Monte was that not only Cabo Marzo but also Dole were cognizant of the fact that the M-2 variety of pineapple was belonged solely to Del Monte.In reply, Dole filed a motion seeking dismissal on the grounds of forum non conveniens. Issues legal question: The legal issue raised was whether a case that involved companies incorporated in the United States and conducting business operations in the United States could be dismissed on ground of forum non conveniens if an alternative forum was available. Broad holding: In instances where there is an absence of an adequate alternative forum and where dismissal of the case would not further public or private interest, the court may refuse to set aside a motion for dismissal.Narrow holding: The Costa Rican court did not have the authority to sanction the remedy sought by the plaintiffs and these US corporations sold most of their products in the domestic market, therefore there had been an infringement of the US competition law; consequently, the court may refuse to allow a motion for dismissal on grounds of forum non conveniens. Doctrinal Reasoning: The court referred to Doe v. Sun Int’l Hotels., Ltd and held that choice of forum indicated by the plaintiff should not be changed, unless the facts of the case warranted such a change (Doe v. Sun Int’l Hotels. , Ltd , 1998). The court further opined, on the basis of Republic of Panama v. BCCI Holdings that there should exist, an adequate alternative forum and that adjudication in such a forum should be conducive to public and private interest (Republic of Pana ma v. BCCI Holdings , 1997).It also held that adjudication in an alternative forum could totally deprive Del Monte of a remedy. Policy Reasoning: The doctrines established by the extant case law formed the basis for this decision and no change to the existing case law was effected. Miscellaneous: All the presiding judges were unanimous in their opinion. References Doe v. Sun Int’l Hotels. , Ltd , 20 F. Supp. 2d 1328 (S. D. Fla 1998). Republic of Panama v. BCCI Holdings , 119 F. 3d. 935 (11th Circuit Court 1997).

The paradoxes of integration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The paradoxes of integration - Essay Example However, this has not really been the case in most parts of America. There have been challenges with the campaign to get Blacks, Whites, Asian and people of mixed races to co-exist in the same geographical area. Gould states that: Clearly, most White people do not really stay in neighborhoods that has a large African-American population. This is because some White Americans have prejudice and stereotypes that make the associate Black people with some anti-social behaviors. Gould calls this situation ‘white avoidance’ and it largely refers to the fact that most White Americans decide not to move into an integrated neighborhood (p4). In the past few decades, the new wave of immigration from Asia and Latin America has also shown that America is a multi-cultural setting (Oliver, 2). This suggests that the need for integration to solve racial tensions and differences now exceeds just the Black-White conflict which has existed in America for some time. Although there are signs that Americans choose a neighborhood based on the background of their neighbors, Katz and Lang identify that there are some additional key indicators that Americans look at when choosing a neighborhood they live in. they include: â€Å"job opportunities, their children’s schools, their commute, their future home worth, their healthcare, and their places of worship and congregation.† (p1) This suggests that most Americans look at certain factors other than the skin color or the racial background of their neighbors, there is evidence that racial differences play a major role in choosing a neighborhood an American will live in. People more often than not, settle on neighborhoods that is made up of people of their racial or ethnic background. A survey by MCSUI conducted between 1992 and 1994 (Oliver, p103) indicated that about 50% of Asians and Whites will prefer to live in neighborhoods containing people of

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example In today’s world, most wives are much educated and employed. So surely while deciding on the attributes of TV sets, the husband and wives would have more equal dominating power. The sex-role structure orientation would leave the women with more dominating power than the men in the family. The family life cycle would have an affect on the dynamics of decision making. In the young married stage the decision would be dominated equally by the wives and husbands. In the later stages husbands are supposed to be more dominated. A TV advertiser would could make an advertisement for a high end expensive TV to attract more men than women. As per the opinion leadership theory, an opinion leader is the person who is quite accustomed to media and advertisement. He tends to interpret the meaning of those advertisements to the lower end users of the same. An opinion leader, mostly, is an expertise in a particular field. Sometimes viewers are more inclined to get influenced by the opinion lea ders as they believe that they know more than the consumers. In such a case companies use such leaders in the advertisements.

Dell Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dell Inc - Research Paper Example rs (agents) manage to obtain support of directors concerning their practices, which do not deliver optimum level of value to the shareholders (principals) then the problem of agency, aggravates into corporate governance problem(Kashyap, Antia and Frazier). Therefore, governments use to intervene in these kind of cases because, shareholders simply do not have sufficient resources and competencies to pinpoint a fraud on a directorial level. However, law bounds organizations to announce their financial performance publically. At the same instance, governmental financial law enforcement agencies analyze the organizational practices of corporations in order to quantify their compliance with the general premises of maximization of shareholders wealth(Wojcik). However, modernly governments are planting their representatives in board of directors, so that they can monitor the fulfillment of the promises made by managers to shareholders in real time. Another purpose of this paper is to define hybrids of widely accepted organizational structures worldwide. However, for this purpose it is important to note that there are two basic organizational structures known to the world, which are centralized and decentralized formations of organizations(Homburg, Jensen and Haiin). The former one is characterized with centric leadership and authority therefore, all of the departments take orders and instructions from a formalized chain of command. On the other hand, the latter one can be defined as something, which is attributed with delegation of authority and job autonomy. Under this mechanism, top management is only responsible for providing broad objectives for middle and line management to achieve. Nevertheless, top management in this case does not concern itself to the operational layout through which intended goals are being fulfilled. But, with the passage of time, centralized organizational setting evolved into as structure with a se parate department for innovative project

Analyze 4 real cases of directors liability and lessons learned Essay - 1

Analyze 4 real cases of directors liability and lessons learned - Essay Example The initial case is a lawsuit concerning the president for a computer game company. In this case, the director breached his duty of being honesty because the Korean Website company reported the computer game company, 9Korea, together with the company’s director. This complains represented many people who had problems with the company, because it was using their personal residential registration number illegally. The residential claimed that the company’s president was not honest because he was illegally using their identities to open up new accounts for the online game developer. Regarding this case, the court alleged that the company together with its president should be the first party involved in campaigning against illegal use of other people’s names in online game registration. The courts also accused the company for being negligent by using other people real name together with their personal information, which affected more than 800 individuals without thei r permission. Therefore, the court posited that the corporation should reimburse every plaintiff a damage price of KRW 1, 000,000 (Loos 503). Second case is about Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO). A minor shareholder in the company called McMullin. Mr. Beran alleged this case, claiming that the chemical company director favors major shareholders when it comes to discussing the prices for chemical products. Mr. Beran claimed that the director failed to follow the required rules in implementing the prices, thus discriminating the needs of minor shareholders in the company. Regarding this matter, the court dismissed the case citing the fact that the plaintiff had planned to rebut the rule governing judgments, which is in place to cover all directors against liabilities. Mr. Beran filed this case because he believed that the company’s director breached fiduciary duties that required him/her to perform his/her

How do the poems of Frank O'Hara explore how a person'a inner life Essay

How do the poems of Frank O'Hara explore how a person'a inner life shapes the city or invents a city within the city, and how th - Essay Example Frank O'Hara, a New York dweller expresses his sentiments on his mutual relationship with the city. Although he appears content with the relationship with the city, in some instances, he reveals of the negatives that the city has on him. However, the city is not generally the name, rather, it is the buildings, the people and all the activities taking place in these buildings, and undertaken by the people living in the city. It is due to the activities of people living in the city that influence the life of the people, brining into existence new worlds. However, this is a world full of fantasy and dreams, but one far from the reality. Living in the city, people socialize in different ways. As people work in the cities and conduct business in the city, they interact differently with each other. This way, they influence each other. According to O’Hara, the city significantly contributes to a number of changes in his life. For instance, the city contributes to his sadness. In his narration in the poem, â€Å"Meditations in an Emergency,† he points out that each time his heart is broken, he feels like being more adventurous. Love, being part of the social city life influences the moods of the people. However, there are differences between love in the city and love in the countryside. While in the countryside, love knows of no bounds, love in the city knows of bounds. One of the main reasons for this is the impact that city life has on the people (Jaffe web). Not only does it make people complicated, it also makes it difficult to understand them. There is an increased level of unfaithfulness in the city dating scene, if lamentations in O’Hara’s poem, â€Å"Meditations in an Emergency† are anything to go by. According to him, people share love in the city, thus rendering love useless. Subsequently, there are frequent break ups as people seek for better partners. The lies that people tell to each other in the name of love are overwhel ming. The city teaches smooth lies, which people tell to win love and trust. The heavily built city environment makes life boring (Vince web). They cannot enjoy a nature walk in the grassland and pick up a blade of grass, unless they have to walk up the subway. This is however human in the making. The increased construction in the cities is the main contributing factor to the loss of vegetation cover. Most of the land in the city is paved if not constructed (â€Å"BOP Consulting† 2). Thus, although people feel bored in the city and long for nature walks, this is not possible with the lack of natural environment to have walks. Subsequently, people remain indoors and do nothing, amid the urge to leave their abodes (Vince web). In addition to the high levels of boredom facing city people, homosexuality is yet another problem. According to O’Hara, men kiss each other, signifying the erosion of culture and civilization. In his poem, â€Å"† he narrates, â€Å"Now th ere is only one man I like to kiss when he is unshaven†, and further attributes this to heterosexuality. When people cannot find love and after their transgressions, they run to the churches thus deceiving one another of their identities. The quality of life in the city, especially for the poor is worrying. Construction workers for instance can only afford sand-witches and Coca-Cola for lunch. Despite the hard work that these people handle, they have poor dieting, which contributes to their poor health conditions. Few people pay attention to the working

Critically discuss the Strategy in Action of the organisation 'Nestle' Essay

Critically discuss the Strategy in Action of the organisation 'Nestle' - Essay Example With the power of innovation, advanced technology, and high investment in Research and Development, the company has outpaced competition thereby creating an edge of its competitors. Mission statement of Apple is â€Å"to produce high-quality, low cost, easy to use products that incorporate high technology for the individual. We are proving that high technology does not have to be intimidating for non computer experts†(Apple Annual Report 2010). The strategies and mission of Apple is largely affected by the external environment it operates in. This would better be analyzed through PESTEL analysis of Apple. PESTLE Analysis Apple being a US company faces barriers related to rules and regulations imposed by the DOJ, EPA and the SEC. The governmental agency like SEC inspects the fair practice and compliance and the governmental agencies like DOJ and EPA inspects the antitrust laws and environmental compliance. Political risks are high in Technology Company like Apple. In addition, the laws in communication industry are subject to change that affects the compliance of Apple. The required the company to invest heavily in compliance of laws and regulations and even pay fines as a result of investigations. Apple is technology company build on a global platform where factors like inflation rates, interest rate and current exchange rates in bear some impact, but such impact can’t be considered influential (US Technolgy Sector Analysis, 2010). As the interest rates are slashed as a result of recession in the economy, the company could borrow money at a cheaper interest rate. Same is the case with changes in current exchange rates. Change in economic conditions could also materially affect the performance of the company in an adverse way. The socio-cultural forces impact the company’s operations as Apple network spans across various countries and continents. Information display, privacy issues and information sharing across people in different countries depends upon the socio-cultural forces operating in that country (US Technolgy Sector Analysis, 2010). It can be argued that if Apple spans in network to the country like India (For e.g.) it has to keep in mind the culture of people there and whether the current configuration of the company is best suited for operating in that country. Global markets for different products and services of Apple are subject to technological changes in rapid advances along with high competition (US Technolgy Sector Analysis, 2010). Technological factors possess a great impact on the success of the company and a failure to cope up with these could materially affect the financial position of the company. Legality also has a role to play in operations of any company that intends to span globally. Apple has expanded its business across continents and political and legal policies of the countries can well decide on the fate on how the company can operate within a country. Issues over intellectual property rights, trademarks and patents lead to legal proceedings against the company from time to time (Apple Annual Report 2010). The environmental forces do not have a significant role to play in the operations of the company. When the company was incorporated, its primary target was young generation which wanted to connect to each other in spite of differences in physical boundaries. With the growing aging populating, the company has also shifted its focus to people of senior age groups.

Amenorrhea Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Amenorrhea - Case Study Example This paper will discuss a case study that involves a 30-year-old female whose has secondary amenorrhea for six months. Prior to being diagnosed with the disorder, she presented with periods of irregular cycles and dysmenorrhea. Thus, the paper will discuss the pathophysiology of the disorder and it possible causes in relation to irregular cycles and dysmenorrhea. Amenorrhea is a menstrual disorder that refers to the absence of menstruation in a woman who had been previously having their normal menstrual cycle. Secondary is used to refer to menstruation that had previously occurred at least for some period but stopped for a period of six months or longer due to some reasons. In order for the woman to be diagnosed with secondary amenorrhea, they must miss their menstrual period for a period of at least three to six months without being pregnant (Heiman, 2009). The most significant contributing factors include the use of birth control pills, certain medications and stress that also have been associated to cause dysmenorrhea (painful cramping) and irregular cycles. The most common reason as to why a woman will miss their period is as a result of pregnancy. However, it should be noted that pregnancy, menopause and breastfeeding are not classified as causes of the disorder. Secondary amenorrhea is not harmful to the patients’ health as it c an be treated effectively in the majority of the cases according to the pathophysiology. Thus, it is important for the health care practitioner to address the underlying condition causing the menstrual disorder to ensure that optimal health of the woman is regained (Klein & Poth, 2013). The hypothalamus is involved in generating the gonadotropin-releasing hormones that are responsible for stimulating the pituitary gland to produce the gonadotropins i.e. the Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle- stimulating hormone into the blood stream. These gonadotropins are important in

Janis Joplin Essay Example for Free

Janis Joplin Essay Perhaps Ralph Waldo Emerson was right and may as well have referred to Janis Joplin as he was saying this quotation had he lived during Joplin’s time. With her death at a young age of 27, it had been a short-lived life the musical genius Janis Joplin had. We may not know whether or not her cousins can tell nothing about her but her life deserves to be relived and I am here to write about it. A look into the context in which she lived will help give a better understanding of how the course of her life was influenced and came to be the way it was. Janis Joplin is one of the most prominent individuals in the 1960s, an era considered to be a revolution of sorts. Beginnings On the morning of January 19, 1943, Janis Lyn was born to be the eldest child of Seth and Dorothy Joplin. It was years later that she would have younger siblings Michael and Laura making them a middle-class family composing of five members. Growing up in an industrial town called Port Arthur in Texas crowded with oil refineries, chemical plants, factories, and rows of oil-storage tanks with fumes hanging in the air, it wasn’t the best place to satisfy the brilliant and inquisitive little Janis as there wasn’t much room for activities and recreations. Although that was the case, she did well in school, having a great interest and aptitude for reading and painting. As a child, she already had a reputation for singing as one of the soloists in their church choir. According to one of her friends, she had been popular in Port Arthur as a talented and cute little girl. Janis considered her childhood as relatively pleasant. It was only at the age of fourteen, as confessed in many of her various interviews, that she felt like the world turned on her. That was the time she gained weight and had acne problems, problems which meant most than anything for teenagers. The eventual lost of her looks coincided badly with her entry to the highschool world where the popular girls were the ones with good looks and Janis just fell behind (Echols, 2000). While at the Thomas Jefferson highschool, Janis took rejection by heart (Amburn, 1993). Used to having attention on her, she started acting out and whilst she began to receive attention, she even emphasized her being different. She was determined to keep the attention on her even if it was a negative one. She became a beatnik girl who would flaunt her eccentric clothes ranging from above-the-knee skirts, black or purple tights coupled with liking unconventional and ‘different’ liberal arts and music. As Echols put it, â€Å"she was bent on becoming an eyesore, an affront to everything the townspeople believed in. Indeed, Janis was eager to defy as many social conventions as she could. This made her parents unhappy- â€Å"she just changed totally, overnight† quoting her mother Dorothy. As an underage girl, her defiant attitude was too much that one incident happened involving the police after she took a ride with her male friends who were overage. This made her even more the topic of talks and gossips around their Pleasantville of a town. She was much into music and drinking, acting as if these two things are wedded. And this always gets her into trouble. She was often sent to the counselor’s office for misbehavior and drinking (Echols, 2000). Her parents were baffled and felt helpless. Joplin’s rebellious proclivity was unwavering, she just wanted to be different and be free to express herself. Little did they know that Janis’ rebellious actions symbolize the beginning of an inevitable social revolution and an â€Å"emerging generation gap† that was about to come(Echols, 2000). The fact was: it wasn’t just Joplin; it was going to be a collective movement. The Sixties was well on its way. The Sixties†, as it is often used in popular culture by some journalists, historians and other academes, has seen many varied influential and transforming trends in culture and ideologies which can be described as nothing less than exciting, powerful, radical and even rebellious. It was a time when people are trying to break free from the rigid and conformist social norms and social constraints in search for individual freedom (Booker, 1970). It could be said that this period of history has a great impact on Janis Joplin and further influenced not only her genius but how her entire life turned out. Musical Inclination Music would eventually become a passion for Joplin. Aside from singing in their local church choir, Janis developed her musical interest further after befriending a group of outsiders as a teenager. She and this gang would listen and idolize African-American Blues artists such as Leadbelly whose album was the first she claimed she ever purchased (Echols, 2000). During highschool she continued listening to blues music and listened to other blues artists like Bessie Smith, Big Mama Thornton and Odetta. And even later on, she will begin singing blues and folks songs together with some friends, imitating the artists’ husky yet soulful voices. Amburn, 1993). She always had a gut feel about her singing ability but it wasn’t until she imitated Odetta and performed one of her songs which stunned her friends that she she confirmed, she indeed â€Å"has a voice. † Her early efforts included playing in coffee houses in their small town. Talent, Notoriety and Fame In 1963, she left for San Francisco and found herself residing in North Beach. She also ventured to other places like Venice, the Village, New York and Haight-Ashbury acquiring further experiences and experimenting on her music and creativity. It wasn’t just a year ago that she started taping her first song at a friend’s house and a year after she would record more songs with her friends Jorma Kaukonen and Martha Kaukonen providing her accompaniments. An album called Typewriter tape will be released containing seven tracks including â€Å"Long Black Train Blues,† â€Å"Nobody Knows You When Youre Down and Out,† â€Å"Typewriter Talk,† Kansas City Blues,† â€Å"Trouble In Mind,† â€Å" Hesitation Blues,† and â€Å"Daddy, Daddy, Daddy† . As the Sixties progress, various movements are emerging from the left and right. The counterculture and social revolution was spreading. A popular term emerged as the hippies, a youth movement characterized strongly by a shift towards a more liberated society. It includes the questioning groups created a movement toward liberation in society, including sexual revolution, questioning of authority and government, fighting for the freedom and rights of the marginalized groups including Negroes, women, homosexuals, and minorities. The use of marijuana, heroine, LSD and various others drugs and listening to psychedelic music were also rampant. Janis would not be left behind and took part in these movements. Joplin’s waywardness continued well into those years. Around that time, she increased her drug use and took on a reputation as a frequent heroine user and a thrill-freak (Amburn, 1993). She was also heavy on alcohol and other intoxicants and even engaged in sexual high. In 1965, she was described as skeletal, even emaciated due to the effects of her amphetamine use (Amburn, 1993). For some time, she was convinced by her friends to become sober and to refrain from drug use. An old friend and then manager Chet Helms of a group called Big Brother was attracted by Joplin’s bluesy voice. On June 4, 1966, Joplin officially joined the band. Their first public performance was in San Francisco at the Avalon Ballroom. Her drug use was kept at bay with the help of her friends who she lived within a communal apartment (Friedman, 1992). They signed a deal with Mainstream Records on the 23rd of August of 1966. A year after, the band released their debut album by Columbia Records. Joplin and her band gradually gained fame after several follow-up performances including those in Monterey Pop Festival, appearances in television such as The Dick Cavett Show. She received positive reviews from various magazines labelling her as a powerful singer and a staggering woman of rock and roll. Eventually, she would leave the Big Brother band and went for a solo career and would later form a band called the Kozmic Blues and another group, which she would call her as her own called the Full Tilt Boogie Band. After breaking up again with the band, she recorded several songs which would be released after her death and would become the highest-selling album of her career. It included the best hit single †Me and Bobby McGee†, a cover of Kris Kristofferson’s who had been her ex-lover. Janis Joplin died on October 4, 1970 at the age of 27 years. Legacy Janis Joplin can be considered as the Queen of Rock and Roll in the late 1960s. She was a music icon which would influence the music scene in the years to come. She was an established female star who had success in a male-dominant music scene. Fans and musical experts alike would consider her songs as immortal and contiunes to influence modern day music and artists. She also made contributions to the fashion industry. The way she dressed herself had been another avenue for her self-expression. In interview after interviews, she would update the media of her latest fashion statement from her clothes, to her hair styles, hair accessories, body decorations, and body accessories. She would also affect the movie industry influencing and inspiring movie directors, actors and actresses such as Better Midler especially in the 1979 film entitled The Rose which would garner her an academy nomination for her performance as Janis Joplin. Other films were also produced based on her life including Gospel According to Janis. A musical play was composed in the 1990s, which will then win a praise and be lauded together with the outstanding performances of the artists who would play Janis. She would also receive posthumous awards including the Grammy Lifetime Achievment and the induction to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In the arts, some of her personal artifacts including the Porsche she owned were displayed in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Musuem Exhibition which will serve as a testimony to the psychedelic era dubbed as â€Å"The Summer of Love- Art of the Psychedelic Era†. This made people reminisce to that nostalgic and definitely not-forgotten era of the human history. Truly, Janis Joplin was a genius not only of her time but her genius continues to live and influence various industried today.

Shakespeares & Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay The two films are very different from each other even though they are based on the same play written by William Shakespeare  From the beginning, the settings differ from each other. The Zeffirelli film, which was filmed in 1968 starts in a courtyard there is a market place, which looks like it represents Verona. The style is set between the 12th and 13th century, medieval and renaissance period. It also a lot more conventional to the Shakespeare play. The surrounding area is a walled town with narrow streets and high buildings, which creates tension. There is also a scene, which is on a beach; there is a proscenium arch. This is where Benvolio gets shot and dies; Benvolio was Romeos friend The Luhrman film, which was filmed in 1997, was set in an American Coastal city, it had a statue of Jesus Christ between two skyscrapers, a lot of traffic, hustle and bustle and skyscrapers around. One of the settings in the film was in a petrol station, which is busy and noisy; it is called Phoenix Gas. This has a symbolic meaning to it, which is Rise from the ashes. This is ironic as the station is about to be set alight. At the beginning of the films you can see that the two films contrast with each other by the opening music, sounds, and images. The Luhrmans opening is Loud, and Zeffirellis is quite and peaceful. The first we see of the two families in the Luhrman film is when the Montague Boys arrive in an open top car and the Capulets arrive in a gangster looking car. Abra Capulet has metal caps on his teeth with the word Sin engraved on them this is to create a gangster image. The market place in Zeffirellis film was much calmer than the petrol station in the Luhrman film. Luhrman used the petrol station because this is where people may encounter each other and it is part of a modern life. The Zeffirelli film was made in 1968 in a time where Hippies, love and peace, was around. You can see that this is reflected in this film because it does not seem as violent as the 1997 version. In the Luhrman film there was a lot more violence, the film was faster, louder, livelier because that was how peoples lives were at the time the film was made which is reflected in the film. Also people were used to action films and Luhrman wanted to make it relevant for a modern audience. As soon as both films begin there is immediate tension between the two different families. In the Luhrman film there is a news report, which explains what is happening between the two families. There were several different newspapers, which come up, Capulet Vs Montagues, and In Fair Verona. These headings reflect the lines from the prologue, which are being read as the news. This gives the first impression that the two families are feuding with each other. In both films religion plays a part in the films In the Luhrman film Tybalt has a picture of Jesus on his waistcoat. Throughout the film there is religious images. For example in the montage at he beginning there are religious images flashed. Also there is a scene, which in which you see two skyscrapers one which is the Montagues and the other is the Capulets in between there is a statue of Jesus Christ. This shows that they think they are bigger than God and more important than religion, however religion still plays a part in their lives. In both of the films the main characters are Romeo and Juliet. The actors give the impression that their characters are natural, young and in love. In both of the films there are also two main families that are feuding with each other, the Montagues, which is Romeos family, and the Capulets, which is Juliets family.

Relationship Between Stress and Parenting Quality

Relationship Between Stress and Parenting Quality Coping as a Moderator Between Parents’ Stress and Parenting Quality Elizabeth K. Wilson Previous literature has shown that the quality of parenting is vulnerable to stressors such as daily hassles, financial hardship, and work-related stress, to name a few (Leinonen et al., 2002). Longer workdays for parents have been shown to create stress and decrease family interaction time (Lerner Galambos, 1991). Fathers’ work stress translates into negative feelings and more disciplinary parenting (Galambos et al., 1995) while mothers’ work stress causes them to withdraw from their children (Repetti Wood, 1997). Both parents have less closeness and are accepting of children when affected by stress (Galambos et al., 1995). Parents who are forced to work longer hours or multiple jobs because of financial situations face even more added stress. When experiencing financial hardship, parents make adjustments to living such as canceling family trips or postponing important family purchases, which makes them feel like a failure at providing for their family and creates wo rry (Conger Elder, 1994). This reflects on their parenting skills in the form of more hostile, punitive parenting behavior (Conger et al., 1992). There has been evidence of more disruptive family functioning when parents report having more daily difficulties (Repetti Wood, 1997). According to the Family Systems Perspective, matters at the individual level, such as parenting behavior or the impact of stress, fully understood only by considering the larger network of interdependent relationships within the family (Minuchin, 1985). The spillover hypothesis posits that behavior and affect of the same valence transfer directly from one situation or relationship within the family to another, such that negative interactions in one situation spillover as negative interactions in another (Nelson et al., 2009). Marital distress is related to disruptions in parenting and quality of parent-child relationship – both mothers and fathers were more likely to engage in hostile rather than authoritative parenting when under stress in the marriage (Conger Elder, 1994; Conger et al., 1992). Stress on parents in the workplace, in their relationships, and even inconveniences throughout the day will undoubtedly spillover into other aspects of their lives, especially parenting, but how do coping strategies modify this effect differentially for mothers and fathers? Coping is an attempt to alter our circumstances, or the way we perceive them, to make them seem more favorable so that we are able to make it through the situation with a more positive outlook (Lazarus, 1993). Coping is a resource that has been shown to buffer the negative effects of a stressful event (Gayman et al., 2014). Using active coping strategies, which involve facing the problem head-on, is thought to be a more adaptive way of dealing with stress, while avoidance coping is less adaptive. Emotion-focused coping is a type of coping that could be classified as active coping if one is changing his or her appraisal of a situation to a positive appraisal. This type of coping is seen more commonly in women than in men (Holohan Moos, 1987). Social withdrawal has been regarded as a type of coping mechanism in response to short-term stress. Social withdrawal could be something as simple as watching television and avoiding interactions with family members. Fathers have been shown to physically position themselves away from family members after a hard day at work. This type of coping mechanism is not recognizable as a type of coping strategy by the person using it, so it may not show up in self-report measures, but has been shown in previous studies that observed family interactions (Campos et al., 2009). Two main types of coping are approach and avoidant coping, also known as active and passive coping. Approach coping strategies are an attempt to alter or decrease the stressor and engage and control the stressful situation, whereas avoidant coping strategies are an attempt to avoid the stressor by emotionally and sometimes physically disengaging from the problem. Avoidant coping strategies can be manifested in the form of actually leaving the stressful situation or emotionally denying the situation and sometimes â€Å"emotionally escaping† the situation by distracting the mind with a television show or abusing substances (Shin et al., 2014). We posit that parents who utilize active, approach coping strategies will have less negative interactions with their children after a stressful event because of the buffer that this positive coping strategy provides. These parents will face their problems head-on and will be better able to separate these stressful events from a stressful event involving their children. On the other hand, parents who utilize passive, avoidant coping strategies will not have this buffer between stressful events and the interactions with their children. The negative coping strategy will actually perpetuate the spillover of stress onto parent-child interactions. Parents who use avoidant strategies, such as social withdrawal, do not deal with their stressors appropriately and instead avoid them. This negatively affects later interactions with their children because they still have stress built up that they have not dealt with. This stress â€Å"spills over† into their ability to parent effectively and positively. The ability to cope with stress and subsequently provide good quality parenting leads to positive outcomes for children. Parenting quality has important implications for children’s school involvement and language development. Parents who utilize avoidant coping strategies or social withdrawal coping strategies do not use the time they have to give quality parenting to their children, such as reading with them or getting involved in school activities. Instead, they psychically isolate themselves from the family, using what little time they have to be alone (Katz, 2002). As mentioned previously, when faced with stressors, parents tend to use more hostile than authoritative parenting, and more coercive than constructive parenting (Conger Elder, 1994; Conger et al., 1992), which could have serious implications for the child’s wellbeing. Hostile and aggressive parenting practices have been associated with attention and hyperactivity problems, conduct and aggression problems, and less prosocial behavior in children. On the other hand, constructive parenting has been associated with improved adjustment and lower level of antisocial behavior in children (Hadzic et al., 2013). The current study will examine the relationship between parents’ stress and parenting quality and the possible role of coping strategies as a moderator of this relationship. We hypothesize that coping will significantly moderate this link, with positive coping strategies buffering the negative effects of stress on parenting and negative coping strategies perpetuating these negative effects. The role of parent gender in coping strategies will also be examined. We expect that there will be significant gender differences, such that males will utilize more negative and avoidant strategies thus having a greater negative effect on their quality of parenting than females, whom we expect to utilize more positive and active coping strategies. If coping is shown to be a significant moderator of the relationship between stress and parenting quality, this finding could have serious clinical implications. Clinicians would benefit from focusing on improving coping strategies to help parents deal with stressors that spillover into parenting practices. Parents would benefit from utilizing positive rather than coping strategies.

Government and Politics - Towards a Universal View :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Towards a Universal View As a registered voter of Minnesota I have seen first hand what it takes to get the younger generation to vote. Rule number one: Throw out the term "younger generation" we hate that. It seems as though our, male-dominated-over-fifty-white-washed government system has a tendency to categorize, everything needs to be correlated and filed away. They ask questions like, "What do we do with the 'Native Americans'? How can we improve the lives of 'lower income families'" This type of fragmentation is far from strengthening our nation. We need to move away from numbers and categories and move towards a more Universal view. I realize that the problems I mentioned above are real issues and they need to be dealt with. But talking about minorities like they are the plague isn't going to help anything. As you all know my governor is none other than Jesse the brain or body or whatever. On the day he was elected a wave of confusion swept the country. How did a Pro-Wrestler get elected to office? Simple, he spoke to everybody. Just to warn you this essay is not on how great Jesse is, personally I can't stand him. In every one of his speeches he addressed everybody, there were no boundaries, there were no dividers. Jesse didn't talk about the "rich" vs. the "poor", he didn't talk about "black" vs. "white," he talked about Minnesotans. As a result of this Jesse produced the greatest turn out of 18-24 year-old voters in Minnesota history. This doesn't mean the Jesse is the smartest guy in the world. Frankly I feel that he stumbled upon the answer by accident (that is merely my opinion). What he figured out was that you must talk to the voters at eye level. One more time just in case you missed it. TALK TO THE VOTERS AT EYE LEVEL! Yes that's right, get down off of your soapbox and talk to us. We'd much rather be "talked too" than "talked about." This isn't about lowering the voting age or sending out flyers or making phone calls. This is about bringing politics back to its roots. What it was way back on the Mayflower. Everybody huddled around that table on that boat and decided the rules. I realize that the population of these United States has risen considerably since then but that is no excuse for moving away from our roots.

College Writing in the College Classroom Essay -- Education Writing Es

College Writing in the College Classroom If someone were to ask a group of people what is the purpose of a college writing course in today’s society, they would have to first think about the purpose of college in today’s society.There would probably be a variety of thoughts and images that come to mind like â€Å"it’s a place where you can get a degree,† â€Å"a place where you can learn things that prepare you for the real world,† or â€Å" it’s a place where you can further your education from where you left off in high school.†The group may also think of things like â€Å"a place just like regular school, except it’s harder, and you have to pay for it,† or â€Å"the place that you have to go to if you want a chance at any real decent job.†But in all actuality, that’s only looking at face value.College provides you with the necessary tools needed to improve yourself in the ways that you choose. Now if you added the words â€Å"college† and â€Å"writing course† together, you may get a phrase that may be intimidating to some people.When people see the word â€Å"college,† the word â€Å"advanced† may come to mind.Even the phrase â€Å"writing class† may be enough to scare away some people.The thought of a â€Å"college writing class† may be unbearable.Why would even mentioning the phrase â€Å"college writing class† strike fear in the hearts of men?More than likely these people, or students, probably went through their entire school writing careers with a variety of different teachers.Each of these teachers probably had different views, and methods of teaching writing. This accusation won’t relate to everyone, but I can confidently present this theory based on personal experience.Each of my four high school English courses were different in many different ways.In my freshman ... ...ortable in the classroom environment.The teacher should be understanding of each person’s opinions, and respect what writing that they feel should be confidential.While it isn’t that important for a teacher to teach exactly like another, it is important that they focus on trying to meet the same goals.If both student and teacher worked together and respected each other’s opinions and techniques, then that would be a large step in improving how the subject of English is taught and learned in the college classroom. Works Cited Hairston, Maxine. â€Å"Diversity, Ideology, and Teaching Writing.† College Composition and Communication 43.2. May 1992: 179-195. Swartzlander, Susan, Diana Pace, Virginia Lee Stamler. â€Å"Diversity, Ideology, and Teaching Writing† The Chronicle of Higher Education. 1993: B1-B2. Tan, Amy. †Mother Tongue.† The Threepenny Review. 1990

My High School Locker Essay -- Descriptive Essay, Descriptive Writing

"Here's your locker combination. Just go right down that hall," said Mrs. Breech pointing toward the sophomore hall. I walked into the sophomore hall so that I could find my locker and make sure that my combination worked. I turn the shiny black dial right to 27, left to 49, right again to 32. Clicking at each number, the lock clicked once more as I lifted the small silver latch. I was ecstatic that my clean, creamy white locker had the correct combination. That would make my life a lot easier when school started in two weeks. Â   On the first day of school, my locker is still clean and radiant in the fluorescent hall lighting. Gradually books accumulate on the bottom shelf, and syllabuses and lists of rules fill the top shelf. My cousin's large grey sweatshirt, complete with a cigarette burn hole, occupies the hook. Eventually these are joined by a myriad of assignments, which are prone to flying out if the door is opened. One day, on the top shelf, an odd green spot appears. There's moss growing in my locker. Â   The second quarter has begun and the huge amount of clutter in the ...

The Great City of Calicut

The Great City of Calicut Located on the Malabar (southwestern) Coast of India was its port city of Calicut. Calicut, Kozhikode, was the capitol of a state which served as an important, if not the most important, state in the region in which it lay. Although Calicut lay on the coast, there was no place along its shore deep enough for ships to anchor. Still, as early as the fourteenth century, Calicut conducted a considerable amount of trade.According to the primary sources of Ibn Battuta, Ma Huan, and an annonymous crew member of Vasco da Gama’ s, Calicut flourished as a center of trade because of their resources and trade systems, among other factors, making lasting impressions on these and other foreign visitors. In the account recorded in the Roteiro (Logbook), of Vasco da Gama’s anonymous crew member, various resources of Calicut were given. Calicut was a supplier and producer of several desired spices, including ginger, pepper, and the cinnamon-like spice, cassia.B y the fifteenth century, Calicut had established a system for cultivating pepper. Among spices that were brought to Calicut and traded with other countries were cloves from the island of Melqua and true cinnamon from Cillion. In addition to their natural resources, the people of Calicut created and sold silk. Once the silk was acquired from the silkworm, it was boiled, dyed, then weaved into kerchiefs. Not only was Calicut admired for their resources, but Calicut established trade regulations among foreign countries that was both respected and appreciated.For example, Moroccan traveler-ambassador Ibn Battuta chronicled in his ribla (around 1356), book of travels, that when a ship wrecked along the Malabar Coast, all items from the ship were taken to the treasury. However, in Calicut, the owner of the wreckage was permitted to recollect his items. Merchants appreciated this, thus attracting further business. This policy was strategic of Calicut in that although they did not gain an i mmediate profit from the wrecked ships, long-term, trade efficiency increased, ultimately benefitting Calicut even more.In Chinese Muslim Ma Huan’s book, The Overall Survey of the Ocean’s Shores, published in 1451, he gives a detailed description of Calicut’s trading process. Once a vessel arrived in Calicut, two chiefs were appointed to it to oversee transactions. The king of Calicut sends a chief, an accountant, and a broker to inspect the accountant books. After a date is chosen to fix prices, the price of each good brought to trade to Calicut is fixed, a description, much like a receipt, is given to both parties.Next, the chief, the accountant, and the commander of the visiting ship all shake hands and agree to never retract or change the price fixed for the goods. Then the accountant and wealthy men bring riches to be assessed and priced. This process takes between one and three days. This description shows that because Calicut had such a high volume of tra de, a system was developed and practiced to a â€Å"T† in order to maintain trade efficiency. This also assured that no one was cheated out of goods/money.According to the accounts of the above travelers, the development of Calicut was aided in part by their natural resources and trading systems and regulations. Chief among other factors as to why Calicut was so significant is that it served as a trading route, allowing duties to be paid to the Sultan. However, during these times, the state of Calicut was in religious divide. The king and the people were Hindu, while the chiefs were Muslim. Although the two religions respected each other, this divide may have been seen as weakness among foreigners, which may have ultimately contributed to the decline of Calicut.

Microeconomics/Macroeconomics Chapter 1 Questions and Answers

Chapter 1 The Art and Science of Economic Analysis INTRODUCTION THIS CHAPTER HAS TWO PURPOSES: TO INTRODUCE STUDENTS TO SOME OF THE BASIC LANGUAGE OF ECONOMICS AND TO STIMULATE STUDENT INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT. IT CONVEYS TO STUDENTS THAT ECONOMICS IS NOT ONLY FOUND IN THE FINANCIAL SECTION OF THE NEWSPAPER, BUT ALSO IS VERY MUCH A PART OF THEIR EVERYDAY LIVES. BEGINNING WITH THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM OF SCARCE RESOURCES BUT UNLIMITED WANTS, THIS CHAPTER PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE FIELD AND THE ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES USED. CONCEPTS INTRODUCED INCLUDE: RESOURCES, GOODS AND SERVICES, THE ECONOMIC ACTORS IN THE ECONOMY, AND MARGINAL ANALYSIS.TWO MODELS FOR ANALYSIS, THE CIRCULAR FLOW MODEL AND STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD, ARE INTRODUCED. THE APPENDIX INTRODUCES THE USE OF GRAPHS. CHAPTER OUTLINE THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM: SCARCE RESOURCES, UNLIMITED WANTS Use PowerPoint slide 3 for the following section Economics is about making choices. The problem is that wants or desires are virtually unlimi ted while the resources available to satisfy these wants are scarce. A resource is scarce when it is not freely available, when its price exceeds zero. Economics studies how people use their scarce resources in an attempt to satisfy their unlimited wants.Use PowerPoint slides 4-9 for the following sections Resources: The inputs, or factors of production, used to produce the goods and services that humans want. Resources are divided into four categories: 1. Labor: Human effort, both physical and mental 2. Capital: †¢ Physical capital: Manufactured items (tools, buildings) used to produce goods and services. †¢ Human capital: Knowledge and skills people acquire to increase their labor productivity. 3. Natural resources: gifts of nature, bodies of water, trees, oil reserves, minerals and animals. These can be renewable or exhaustible. . Entrepreneurial ability: The imagination required to develop a new product or process, the skill needed to organize production, and the willi ngness to take the risk of profit or loss. Payments for resources: Labor–wage; capital–interest; natural resources–rent; entrepreneurial ability–profit. Use PowerPoint slides 10-12 for the following section Goods and Services: Resources are combined to produce goods and services. †¢ A good is something we can see, feel, and touch (i. e. , corn). It requires scarce resources to produce and is used to satisfy human wants. A service is not tangible but requires scarce resources to produce and satisfies human wants (i. e. , haircut). †¢ A good or service is scarce if the amount people demand exceeds the amount available at a price of zero. Goods and services that are truly free are not the subject matter of economics. Without scarcity, there would be no economic problem and no need for prices. Use PowerPoint slide 13 for the following section Economic Decision Makers: There are four types of decision makers: 1. Households 2. Firms 3. Governments 4. The rest of the worldTheir interaction determines how an economy’s resources are allocated. Use PowerPoint slide 14 for the following section Markets: †¢ Buyers and sellers carry out exchanges in markets. †¢ Goods and services are exchanged in product markets. †¢ Labor, capital, natural resources, and entrepreneurial ability are exchanged in resource markets. Use PowerPoint slides 15-16 for the following section A Simple Circular Flow Model: A simple circular flow model in Exhibit 1 describes the flow of resources, products, income and revenue among economic decision makers. The Art of Economic AnalysisUse PowerPoint slide 17 for the following section Rational Self-Interest †¢ Economics assumes that individuals, in making choices, rationally select alternatives they perceive to be in their best interests. †¢ Rational refers to people trying to make the best choices they can, given the available information. †¢ Each individual tries to minimize th e expected cost of achieving a given benefit or to maximize the expected benefit achieved with a given cost. Use PowerPoint slide 18 for the following section Choice Requires Time and Information: Time and information are scarce and therefore valuable.Rational decision makers acquire information as long as the expected additional benefit from the information is greater than its expected additional cost. Use PowerPoint slide 19 for the following section Economic Analysis Is Marginal Analysis †¢ Economic choice is based on a comparison of the expected marginal cost and the expected marginal benefit of the action under consideration. †¢ Marginal means incremental, additional, or extra. †¢ A rational decision maker changes the status quo if the expected marginal benefit is greater than the expected marginal cost.Use PowerPoint slides 20-21 for the following section Microeconomics and Macroeconomics †¢ Microeconomics: The study of individual economic choices (e. g. , your economic behavior). †¢ Macroeconomics: The study of the performance of the economy as a whole, as measured, for example, by total production and employment. †¢ Economic fluctuations: The rise and fall of economic activity relative to the long-term growth trend of the economy; also called business cycles. Use PowerPoint slide 22 for the following section The Science of Economic AnalysisThe Role of Theory: An economic theory is a simplification of economic reality that is used to make predictions about the real world. An economic theory captures the important elements of the problem under study. Use PowerPoint slides 23-26 for the following section The Scientific Method: A four-step process of theoretical investigation: 1. Identify the question and define relevant variables. 2. Specify assumptions: †¢ Other-things-constant assumption: Focuses on the relationships between the variables of interest, assuming that nothing else important changes (i. e. , ceteris paribu s). Behavioral assumptions: Focus on how people will behave (i. e. , in their rational self-interest). 3. Formulate a hypothesis, a theory about how key variables relate to each other. 4. Test the hypothesis. Compare its predictions with evidence. The theory is then either rejected, accepted, or modified and retested. Use PowerPoint slide 27 for the following section Normative vs. Positive †¢ A positive economic statement concerns what is; it can be supported or rejected by reference to facts. †¢ A normative economic statement concerns what should be; it reflects an opinion and cannot be shown to be true or false by reference to the facts.Economists Tell Stories Use PowerPoint slide 28 for the following section CaseStudy: A Yen for Vending Machines Use PowerPoint slide 29 for the following section Predicting Average Behavior: The task of an economic theory is to predict the impact of an economic event on economic choices and, in turn, the effect of these choices on particu lar markets or on the economy as a whole. Economists focus on the average, or typical, behavior of people in groups. Use PowerPoint slides 30-31 for the following section Some Pitfalls of Faulty Economic Analysis The fallacy that association is causation: The fact that one event precedes another or that two events occur simultaneously does not mean that one caused the other. †¢ The fallacy of composition: The incorrect belief that what is true for the individual, or the part, is true for the group, or the whole. †¢ The mistake of ignoring secondary effects: (unintended consequences of policy) If Economist Are So Smart, Why Aren’t They Rich? Use PowerPoint slides 32-33 for the following section CaseStudy: College Major and Annual Earnings Appendix: Understanding GraphsUse PowerPoint slides 34-39 for the following section Drawing Graphs †¢ Origin: The point of departure, the point from which all variables are measured. †¢ Horizontal axis: The value of the x variable increases as you move along this axis to the right of the origin; a straight line to the right of the origin. †¢ Vertical axis: The value of the y variable increases as you move upward and away from the origin; a straight line extending above the origin. †¢ Within the space framed by the axes, you can plot possible combinations of the variables measured along each axis. †¢ Graph: A picture showing how variables relate. Time-series graph: Shows the value of one or more variables over time. †¢ Functional relation: Exists between two variables when the value of one variable depends on the other variable (e. g. , the value of the independent variable determines the value of the dependent variable). †¢ Types of relationships between variables: – Positive, or direct, relation: As one variable increases, the other variable increases. – Negative, or inverse, relation: As one variable increases, the other variable decreases. – Independen t, or unrelated relation: As one variable increases, the other variable remains unchanged or unrelated.Use PowerPoint slides 40-46 for the following section The Slopes of Straight Lines †¢ The slope of a line measures how much the vertical variable (y) changes for each 1-unit change in the horizontal variable (x). †¢ The slope of a line is a convenient device for measuring marginal effects. Slope reflects the change in y for each one unit change in x. †¢ The slope of a line does not imply causality but indicates a relation between the variables. †¢ The slope of a line is the change in the vertical distance divided by the increase in the horizontal distance. The slope of a line depends on how units are measured; the mathematical value of the slope depends on the units of measurement in the graph. †¢ The slope of a straight line is the same everywhere along the line. †¢ The slope of a curved line varies from one point to another along the curve. †¢ I f the slope is: – Positive: There is a positive or direct relation between the variables. – Negative: There is a negative or inverse relation between the variables. – Zero or assumed infinite: There is no relation between the variables; they are independent or unrelated.Use PowerPoint slides 47-48 for the following section The Slope, Units of Measurement, and Marginal Analysis The Slopes of Curved Lines Curve Shifts: A change in an underlying assumption is expressed by a shift in the curve. Chapter SUMMARY ECONOMICS IS THE STUDY OF HOW PEOPLE CHOOSE TO USE THEIR SCARCE RESOURCES TO PRODUCE, EXCHANGE, AND CONSUME GOODS AND SERVICES IN AN ATTEMPT TO SATISFY UNLIMITED WANTS. THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM ARISES FROM THE CONFLICT BETWEEN SCARCE RESOURCES AND UNLIMITED WANTS. IF WANTS WERE LIMITED OR IF RESOURCES WERE NOT SCARCE, THERE WOULD BE NO NEED TO STUDY ECONOMICS.Economic resources are combined in a variety of ways to produce goods and services. Major categories of re sources include labor, capital, natural resources, and entrepreneurial ability. Because economic resources are scarce, only a limited number of goods and services can be produced with them. Therefore, goods and services are also scarce, so choices must be made. Microeconomics focuses on choices made in households, firms, and governments and how these choices affect particular markets, such as the market for used cars. Choice is guided by rational self-interest.Choice typically requires time and information, both of which are scarce and valuable. Whereas microeconomics examines the individual pieces of the puzzle, macroeconomics steps back to consider the big picture—the performance of the economy as a whole as reflected by such measures as total production, employment, the price level, and economic growth. The 2008-2009 recession illustrates economic fluctuations, the rise and fall of economic activity relative to the long-term growth trend of the economy. Economic fluctuatio ns are also called business cycles. These cycles will be a major topic in the macroeconomics course.Economists use theories, or models, to help understand the effects of an economic change, such as a change in price or income, on individual choices and how these choices affect particular markets and the economy as a whole. Economists employ the scientific method to study an economic problem by (a) formulating the question and isolating relevant variables, (b) specifying the assumptions under which the theory operates, (c) developing a theory, or hypothesis, about how the variables relate, and (d) testing that theory by comparing its predictions with the evidence.A theory might not work perfectly, but it is useful as long as it predicts better than competing theories do. Positive economics aims to discover how the economy works. Normative economics is concerned more with how, in someone’s opinion, the economy should work. Those who are not careful can fall victim to the fallac y that association is causation, to the fallacy of composition, and to the mistake of ignoring secondary effects. The appendix to this chapter deals with the construction and interpretation of graphs. TEACHING POINTS 1.THIS COURSE WILL PROVIDE THE FIRST EXPOSURE TO THE ECONOMIC WAY OF THINKING FOR MANY OF YOUR STUDENTS. ALTHOUGH IT SEEMS NATURAL TO YOU, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS PRESENTS A FORMIDABLE CHALLENGE TO MANY STUDENTS. YOU MAY WISH TO CONSIDER PRESENTING ECONOMICS AS ONE OF MANY APPROACHES TO DESCRIBING HUMAN BEHAVIOR RATHER THAN AS A BODY OF ESTABLISHED DOCTRINES. INTRODUCING A TOPIC WITH RELEVANT QUESTIONS TO WHICH ECONOMICS PROVIDES AN ANSWER GENERALLY ENHANCES STUDENT INTEREST IN ECONOMICS. SUCH QUESTIONS APPEAR AT THE BEGINNING OF EACH CHAPTER. 2. Students are generally eager and very fresh at the beginning of the semester.Chapters 1 and 2 can be assigned during the first week, and you can move almost immediately into discussions of production possibilities, the idea of opport unity cost, the use of marginal analysis, and comparative advantage (see Chapter 2). It should also be easy to meld a discussion of the points contained in the Chapter 1 Appendix with the analytics of Chapter 2. 3. One point to stress in discussing the role and importance of economic analysis is that, while individual responses to changes in an economic environment are not always predictable, the aggregate response often is.The use of such knowledge is valuable in virtually any context in which individuals, households, firms, resource owners, and so on, are faced with changing opportunities and costs. You might use some examples to illustrate this, such as what is the predicted response to a tax on gasoline and who ends up paying for the tax or the impact of a tax refund on consumer behavior. 4. From a purely analytical perspective, the most important concept introduced in this chapter is the idea that decisions are made on the basis of marginal analysis.You might stress that margin al analysis is a cornerstone of economics. 5. Some terminology in the text may deviate from your own lecture notes. If you intend to use any of the Test Banks, try to mention deviations between the text’s usage and the terms you use in your lectures. For example, the text uses the word resources whereas you might use factors of production in your lecture notes. 6. Some students think that economics is synonymous with business. You may wish to explain the difference, because many of your students will be studying business administration. . Many students will be apprehensive about the mathematics used in the course. A good way for students to master the few mathematical tools needed in class is by through application and by using the Study Guides and the online materials. It is essential for students to become comfortable with reading and shifting graphs as well as dividing fractions. The appendix to Chapter 1 provides a good foundation for the tools needed. 8. Many beginning s tudents do not understand what economists mean by the statement â€Å"consumers are rational. It is helpful to emphasize that rationality does not imply that all consumers must be identical or that all consumers make â€Å"good† decisions all the time. Individuals can have dramatically different tastes for goods and service and yet all can be considered rational. ANSWERS TO End-of-Chapter Questions and exercises ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 1. (Definition of Economics) What determines whether or not a resource is scarce? Why is the concept of scarcity important to the definition of economics? A resource is scarce when the amount people desire exceeds the amount available at a price of zero.The concept of scarcity is important to the definition of economics because scarcity forces people to choose how they will use their resources in an attempt to satisfy their unlimited wants and desires. Economics is about making choices. Without scarcity there would be no economic probl em, and therefore no need to choose between competing wants and desires. 2. (Resources) To which category of resources does each of the following belong? a. A taxi b. Computer software c. One hour of legal counsel d. A parking lot e. A forest f. The Mississippi River g.An individual introducing a new way to market products on the Internet. a. capital; a manufactured item employed to produce a service. b. capital; a manufactured item employed to produce a good. c. labor; human effort. d. capital and natural resources; the parking lot is on a natural resource (land), but the land has undergone capital improvement in the form of leveling and paving. e. natural resource. f. natural resource. g. entrepreneurial ability. 3. (Goods and Services) Explain why each of the following would not be considered â€Å"free† for the economy as a whole: a.Food vouchers b. U. S. aid to developing countries c. Corporate charitable contributions d. Noncable television programs e. Public high schoo l education aEven if food vouchers allow individuals to â€Å"purchase† food at no cost, producing the food in the first place uses resources and hence has a cost. b. U. S. aid, while free to the recipient country, involves costs to the United States because the aid requires the use of U. S. resources to assist developing countries. c. The corporation (and its owners) pays for these gifts. d. This is perhaps the most interesting example. Free† TV is paid for by consumers through the higher prices of the products advertised there. The cost of advertising is passed along to consumers. e. Public high school education is paid for by citizens, either through taxes or borrowing. 4. (Economic Decision Makers) Which group of economic decision makers plays the leading role in the economic system? Which groups play supporting roles? In what sense are they supporting actors? The main decision makers are households, with firms, governments, and the rest of the world serving as supp orting actors.Households are considered to be the lead actors since they supply resources used in production, and demand goods and services produced by other actors. Firms, governments, and the rest of the world are supporting actors because they demand the resources that households supply and use them to produce and supply the goods that households demand. 5. (Micro versus Macro) Determine whether each of the following is primarily a microeconomic or a macroeconomic issue: a. What price to charge for an automobile b. Measuring the impact of tax policies on total consumer spending in the economy c.A household’s decisions about what to buy d. A worker’s decision regarding how much to work each week e. Designing a government policy to increase total employment Microeconomics is the study of the individual economic behavior of decision-making units in the economy, whereas macroeconomics studies the performance of the economy as a whole. a. Microeconomic issue; it refers t o the price of an individual good. b. Macroeconomic issue; it refers to the economy as a whole. c. Microeconomic issue; it refers to the decision of one individual household. . Microeconomic issue; it refers to the decisions of one worker. e. Macroeconomic issue; it refers to the economy as a whole. 6. (Micro versus Macro) Some economists believe that in order to really understand macroeconomics, you must first understand microeconomics. How does microeconomics relate to macroeconomics? Microeconomics studies the behavior and choices made by individuals. The behavior and choices made by these individuals is added together to determine the economy–wide(or macroeconomic(measures, such as total production and unemployment.Microeconomics studies the individual pieces of the economic puzzle; macroeconomics fits those pieces together. 7. (Normative versus Positive Analysis) Determine whether each of the following statements is normative or positive: a. The U. S. unemployment rate w as below 10. 0 percent in 2010. b. The inflation rate in the United States is too high. c. The U. S. government should increase the minimum wage. d. U. S. trade restrictions cost consumers $40 billion annually. A positive statement is a statement about what is. It can be supported or rejected by reference to facts.A normative statement concerns what someone thinks ought to be. It is an opinion and can't be shown to be true or false by reference to facts. a. Positive. Either the unemployment rate was below 10. 0 percent or it was not. The validity of the statement can be checked with appropriate data. b. Normative. There is no objective measure of when the inflation rate is high and when it is not. The statement reflects someone’s opinion of what rate is too high. c. Normative. The word â€Å"should† is usually an indication of an opinion–a normative statement. d. Positive.In principle, the cost of trade restrictions could be measured. Measurement does not involv e opinions 8. (Role of Theory) What good is economic theory if it can’t predict the behavior of a specific individual? This question highlights the fact that economics, like all social sciences, attempts to describe and explain human behavior. In doing so, it cannot measure and control for all factors influencing behavior. The result is that the behavior of a specific individual cannot be explained or predicted, but the behavior of groups of individuals can be.We cannot, for example, predict any particular individual’s buying response to a sale. We can, however, predict what kind of total selling volume will occur because of a sale. Answers to Problems and Exercises 9. (Rational Self-Interest) Discuss the impact of rational self-interest on each of the following decisions: a. Whether to attend college full time or enter the workforce full time b. Whether to buy a new textbook or a used one c. Whether to attend a local college or an out-of-town college a. Individuals wi ll compare the expected benefits of attending college full time with the expected costs.One benefit might be that the individual’s stock of knowledge and productivity will grow, and so will his or her wage. Costs include not only tuition, but also the wages that could have been earned by working instead of attending college full time. If the expected benefits outweigh the costs, then the rational person will choose to go to college full time. b. Individuals will compare the expected benefits of a new textbook with the higher costs of purchasing a new textbook. Benefits include not being confused by other students’ markings in the book and a higher resale value.However, the out-of-pocket cost of a new book will be higher than the cost of a used book. If the expected benefits outweigh the costs, then a rational person will purchase the new textbook. c. Individuals will compare the expected benefits and costs associated with both colleges under consideration and will choo se the college at which the difference between benefits and costs is greater. The costs of attending an out-of-town college may include greater travel costs and phone bills and benefits such as learning about a different region. 10. Rational Self-Interest) If behavior is governed by rational self-interest, why do people make charitable contributions of time and money? Rational self-interest is not blind materialism, pure selfishness, or greed. Rational self-interest means we choose the option that maximizes expected benefits with a given cost. People will give more to charities when the contribution is tax deductible. The lower the personal cost of helping others the more we are willing to help and contribute.. 11. (Marginal Analysis) The owner of a small pizzeria is deciding whether to increase the radius of delivery area by one mile.What considerations must be taken into account if such a decision is to increase profitability? By increasing its delivery radius, the store will have greater sales. However, these marginal revenues must be balanced against the additional costs incurred, such as greater consumption of pizza ingredients, more gasoline for the delivery truck, and possibly the need to hire additional labor and increase advertising. 12. (Time and Information) It is often costly to obtain the information necessary to make good decisions. Yet your own interests can best be served by rationally weighing all options available to you.This requires informed decision making. Does this mean that making uninformed decisions is irrational? How do you determine how much information is the right amount? Rational decision makers will continue to acquire information as long as the benefit of the additional information exceeds the additional costs. Oftentimes we are willing to pay others to gather and digest the information for us. 13. (CaseStudy: A Yen for Vending Machines) Do vending machines conserve any resources other than labor? Does your answer offer any add itional insight into the widespread use of vending machines in Japan?Vending machines, in addition to being labor saving, also conserve space and time. Given the population density of Japan and the limited â€Å"free time† of the typical Japanese worker, vending machines can be expected to be popular among both sellers and buyers in Japan. 14. (CaseStudy: A Yen for Vending Machines) Suppose you had the choice of purchasing identically priced lunches from a vending machine or at a cafeteria. Which would you choose? Why? Different students will answer this question in different ways, but the key point is that non-monetary factors affect decision making.For example, students who opt for the cafeteria instead of the vending machine may, for example, do so because of the impersonal nature of the machine and the desire to â€Å"socialize† the eating experience. 15. (Pitfalls of Economic Analysis) Review the discussion of pitfalls in economic thinking in this chapter. Then id entify the fallacy, or mistake in thinking, in each of the following statements: a. Raising taxes always increases government revenues. b. Whenever there is a recession, imports decrease. Therefore, to stop a recession, we should increase imports. . Raising the tariff on imported steel helps the U. S. steel industry. Therefore, the entire economy is helped. d. Gold sells for about $1,000 per ounce. Therefore, the U. S. government could sell all the gold in Fort Knox at $1,000 per ounce and reduce the national debt. a. This assertion is a mistake because the secondary effects of taxes on production and the labor supply are ignored. If the tax rate were raised to 100 percent, for example, no one would want to work or produce. b. This is the fallacy that association implies causation.It is more likely that recession causes a change in imports than the other way round. c. This is a fallacy of composition. True, the tariff may help the steel industry. But it hurts purchasers of steel, in cluding the automobile and construction industries. The overall effect on the economy is unclear. d. This is the fallacy of composition, because attempts to sell so much gold at once would push down the price of gold. 16. (Association Versus Causation) Suppose I observe that communities with lots of doctors tend to have relatively high rates of illness. I conclude that doctors cause illness.What’s wrong with this reasoning? The causality is undoubtedly in the other direction; that is, doctors will tend to locate where there is a lot of disease and therefore a greater need for medical care. 17. (CaseStudy: College Major and Annual Earnings) Because some college majors pay nearly twice as much as others, why would students pursuing their rational self-interest choose a lower paying major? Students select college majors for a variety of reasons, and the expected pay is only one of them. Some students may have a special interest in lower-paying fields, such as philosophy, religio n, or social work.Some students may not have the aptitude to succeed in the higher-paying majors, such as engineering, mathematics, or computer science. And many students, when they select a major, may simply be unaware of the pay differences based on college major. 18. (Global Economic Watch) Select Global Issues in Context and in the Basic Search box at the top of the page, enter the phrase â€Å"selfish. † On the Results page, scroll down to the Magazines section. Choose the red link to View All. Scroll down to click on the link for the December 8, 2008, article â€Å"Going Green for Selfish Reasons. Are the companies described acting out of rational self-interest? The article indicates that, although the companies' actions may help the environment, the companies are primarily motivated to save costs, an example of rational self-interest. 19. (Global Economic Watch) Select Global Issues in Context and in the Basic Search box at the top of the page, enter either the term à ¢â‚¬Å"microeconomic† or the term â€Å"macroeconomic. † Choose one of the resources and write a summary in your own words. Especially emphasize how the resource is an example of microeconomics or macroeconomics.Student answers will vary, but should demonstrate understanding of the definitions of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Answers to Appendix Questions 1. (Understanding Graphs) Look at Exhibit 5 and answer the following questions: a. In what year (approximately) was the unemployment rate the highest? In what year was it the lowest? b. In what decade, on average, was the unemployment rate highest? In what decade was it lowest? c. Between 1950 and 1980, did the unemployment rate generally increase, decrease, or remain about the same? a. In 1931 the unemployment rate reached its highest point, 25 percent.In 1942 it reached its lowest, approximately 1 percent. b. Unemployment was the highest in the decade of the 1930s and lowest in the decade of the 1900s. c. Between 1950 and 1980, unemployment generally increased. 2. (Drawing Graphs) Sketch a graph to illustrate your idea of each of the following relationships. Be sure to label each axis appropriately. For each relationship, explain under what circumstances, if any, the curve could shift: a. The relationship between a person’s age and height b. Average monthly temperature in your home town over the course of a year c.A person’s income and the number of hamburgers consumed per month d. The amount of fertilizer added to an acre of land and the amount of corn grown on that land in one growing season e. An automobile’s horsepower and its gasoline mileage (in miles per gallon) a. In the years between birth and 15, you would expect a person’s height to increase as his or her age increased. After age 15 or so, height would remain constant. [pic] b. The average monthly temperature in your home town over the course of a year varies with the seasons. [pic]Seasons c.In the fol lowing example drawn, the number of hamburgers consumed per month will rise at first as a person's income increases. (The curve is steeply upward sloping from the origin to an income of $10,000). However, after a certain income level, there will be less and less of a rise in the number of hamburgers consumed per month. (The curve is still upward sloping but is flattening between an income of $10,000 and $20,000. ) Then, as income rises further, this consumer will decide to try other foods and actually buys fewer hamburgers per month. (The curve begins to slope downward after an income of $20,000 is reached. ) pic] d. As you add more fertilizer, you expect to produce more corn per acre up to a point of saturation. An acre of land will have some finite limit on what it can produce in one growing season, no matter how much fertilizer is added! [pic] e. As a car is engineered to be more powerful with more horsepower, you would expect it to use more gasoline and to get lower mileage per gallon of gasoline. [pic] 3. (Slope) suppose you are given the following data on wage rates and number of hours worked: | | |Hours Worked | | |Hourly | | |Point |Wage |Per Week | a |$0 |0 | |b |5 |0 | |c |10 |30 | |d |15 |35 | |e |20 |45 | |f |25 |50 | a. Construct and label a set of axes and plot these six points. Label each point a, b, c, and so on. Which variable do you think should be measured on the vertical axis, and which variable should be measured on the horizontal axis? b. Connect the points. Describe the resulting curve. Does it make sense to you? c. Compute the slope of the curve between points a and b.Between points b and c. Between points c and d. Between points d and e. Between points e and f. What happens to the slope as you move from point a to point f? a. It is conventional in economics to measure prices on the vertical axis. Here the wage rate is the price of an hour of labor, so it goes on the vertical axis. Hours worked is measured on the horizontal axis. B. THE GRAPH SHOWS THAT AT VERY LOW WAGE RATES, THE PERSON CHOOSES NOT TO WORK AT ALL. IT’S JUST NOT WORTH HER WHILE. HOWEVER, ONCE THE WAGE REACHES $10 PER HOUR, SHE BEGINS TO OFFER HER TIME IN THE LABOR MARKET BY BEING WILLING TO WORK 30 HOURS PER WEEK.AT HIGHER AND HIGHER WAGE RATES, SHE IS WILLING TO WORK MORE AND MORE HOURS. c. THE SLOPE IS MEASURED BY THE VERTICAL CHANGE THAT RESULTS FROM A GIVEN CHANGE ALONG THE HORIZONTAL AXIS. From point a to point b, the vertical change (wage) is 5, and the horizontal change (hours worked) is zero. Slope is 5/0 = assumed infinity. From point b to point c, the vertical change (wage) is 5, and the horizontal change (hours worked) is 30. Slope is 5/30 = +1/6. From point c to point d, the vertical change (wage) is 5, and the horizontal change (hours worked) is 5. Slope is 5/5 = +1.From point d to point e, the vertical change (wage) is 5, and the horizontal change (hours worked) is 10. Slope is 5/10 = +1/2. From point e to point f, the vertica l change (wage) is 5, and the horizontal change (hours worked) is 5. Slope is 5/5 = +1. A change in the steepness of the curve indicates a change in slope. As the curve becomes steeper, the rate of increase in hours of work (slope) is increasing. The shape of the curve indicates that as the curve flattens, the rate of increase in hours of work (slope) is decreasing. ———————– d a b c e f