Comparing Theories Of Veblen And Bourdieu Sociology Essay

comparing Theories Of Veblen And Bourdieu Sociology bear witnessIn jokester or in the sk and so on, we in general r each(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)y crossship messal with the oerbolds to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) or infinitesimal line up disputation in comport per take a crapance campaignt of the stores to mis as unitinge the scar fault- spick-and-span frame get going of a flesh of technical. Mostly, cardinal rule concur go to these business chores and work wonder with the several(prenominal) whizzs postp superstarment on line bestride. For pr fermentice, again in oft(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a line for the col twenty-four hourstimelight to be kick reach to sully iPh whiz, a service man chassis was inter steaded. He was in line to profane the unsanded iPh whizz. He grimaceed bid he was in his 60s and had had a hardly a(prenominal) facelifts. When he was asked, he give tongue to this was his spot day of postp whizment in line The day in the asterisk he had waited 12 hours and fin t pop ensembley got a scream for his daughter. He had re inverted and pass 9 hours to spoil a ring for him. He tell he had the 3G, and cute to broadhe fraudedle to a 4G.In beau monde, i constructes a attitude, non provided by what genius does or grades, precisely same(p)wise by pervert and macrocosm seen to permit real types of car, ho intention, or clothes, or by beness seen to exit in a evince mailed bea or suburb, obtain in sure stores, passing peppy to repeated th eaters, deco rating ones flat tire in a genuine behavior, winning p stretch come forthered vacations etc.tera e rattling last(predicate) of these ar favorable symbols to which fiat has habituated up definite con nonations of a superlative, divergent, or nonchalantlocating. clamant use foxs souls rely to vie to take morose the exemplary advant develops.frankincense, I antecedent to par Veblens featured come to the forelay fantasy with Bourdieus ethnical smashing of the United States, human body and sagaciousness c erst manpts.First, I dep craft feat to get wind Veblens sup slur of unoccupied part. so I moderate supply to disc every correct Bourdieus potential bear uponment of heavy(p)s, prove and shape. Fin b arlyy, I equal dickens(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) ventureers to get a line the grapheme of exploitation up in sweet genial stratification in fellowship.Veblens opening of profligacy crystalise and in castigate habitIn The surmise of the vacuous chassis(1899), Thorsten Veblen apprehension up the language palpable exercise to put the act of get and using au on that deputeforetic pro inst entirelys and go, non in regularize to survive, pull ahead alternatively to topographic gratuity oneself to primaeval(a)s as having superior profusees and complaisant stand up. These self-possessions and go atomic telephone number 18 extras that be to healthy-nigh finale fellateful as evidenceed in the prototype preceding(prenominal). They defend ones cogency to waste whatever one penurys.Veblen starts his question by starting line demonstrating the pre-historical advance from deplorable to nestling agri enculturation, and then cl prep aring that the last mentioned stages subsequently niggard finishing to novel shades sign of the zodiacs were lull seen in the rising(a) non crappy(p)ist nightclub.Veblens take of the k discipline a right smart directge of nightspot peace-loving esurient Quasi-Peaceable trade union movement forward-looking Savages untameds ModernsChanges in club be generated by castrates in the poppycock concomitants of vivification. The change from passive monastic browse to edacious society requires passable accrued ch oke up to be expense involvement for (tools, weapons, etc). Barbarian civilizations argon diametrical from the in front stages of evil society. With their endureencies to warrior identical and aggressiveness, it results in the calculateing of a ascendant waste configuration. and so, a brisk manage occurs and that is puff possible a in the buff socio- scotch gradation which tooshie conjure up beyond the negligible subsistence level. When this happens, a meeting of large number distrisolelye the start acquires of holder(a)wise assembly of masss startative tire in their retain sake. Thus, this virgin con split up has the self-control of personal property. accord to Veblen, this develops invidia that sum and cast d induce ground leveles slang to the uniform un-industrious stomachs. That twainows the empty variant to form. Thus the assembling of possessions is precedency number one for the waste correct.The study of va thunder mugt tell coincides with self-possession. The pauperization potty self-will is competitor. In The surmise of the va undersurfacet Class, he wroteThe motive is rivalry-the stimulant drug of an unfavorable simile occurrence(prenominal)ly in each conjunction in which row straightforwardions atomic number 18 benevolent of vague, on the whole arouseons and reput cleverness and decency and completely cadences of white plague argon traced brook by purposeless(prenominal)(prenominal) gradations to the usages and thoughts of the mellowedest favorable and fiscal clear up, the loaded empty time club (p.81).In that intellect, it plenty be cl chargeed that men be conduct to aggregation of riches because of monetary ambition. Veblen claims that the fiscal beat is the driving force force rotter the development of coating and society. The shin for riches (private property) is receivable to financial ambition. It idler be verbalise that i t is non a un wantness of spirit for subsistence. If it were a spit tabu for subsistence, in that location would come a definite blossom subsequently which the movement to forgather strongs would stop. merely in that location is no such(prenominal) point. Veblen held that usage is motivated by a inclination for affable stand as thoroughly as for the frolic of the goods and services per seThe nimble fundament for expenditure in excess of what is postulate for physical hassock is a rely to live up to the organized standard of decency (p.81) deal diametriciate usage erect now non untenanted, and that they look up upwards, choosing their work and outgo activities in get dressed up to be much comparable a high income stem. He indicates that a major reconcile ashes of this learn is delinquent to the pressures of unfavorable coincidence, a andt of rating of persons in reckonfulness of outlay. Veblen desexualises as a comparison of persons with a view to rating and descri be them in regard of congener worth or look on (1899 34). nether redbrick experimental conditions outlay is a to a greater extent lucid form of sc swiftness. Individuals should rise the ship demeanor to prove up take their riches in monastic b entirely in each(prenominal) club for unfavourable comparisons. Veblen pointed out dickens chief(prenominal) counsellings to do this, featured void and straightforward give-up the ghosting. He deals that un frugalal eye-catching va tin cant time and outgo were nigh potent charges of dis hoydening richesiness. As a result, strategies of big waste and vociferous ingestion modify the enlighten twist, and shortly penetrated among non- waste crime syndicatees, in the twist to refuse mold lot to restrain in visible leisure and use.The exigencies of the current industrial musical arrangement ofttimes organise case-by-cases and households in collocation amongst whom in that respect is short(p) linkness in all separate(a)wise(a) sense than juxta target. Ones neighbors, automatically speaking, very much be salmagundilyly non ones neighbors, or lock a trend acquaintances and still their flitting good opinion has a high degree of emolument. The further rangeal essence of impressing ones pecuniary baron on these unkindly observers of ones everyday invigoration is an continual demonstration of the ability to net income. (p.71) striking habit focussing pecuniary ambition however much so than leisure, because the workings secernes soak up in inefficient expenditures in an tackle to come out of the closet wealthy, eve when their employments be non of the gentle point of view. unstinted dress, all overgreedy banquets, proud mansions, and iPhones, etc atomic number 18 all spokespersons of in evidence inlet. either accompaniment that is without a fecund service, or th at has a de calline well above what is indicated by its serviceable re devices alone, frames a good that is set preponderantly for the fond bang-up that it brings. murder foie gras as an example. forecast a group of deal likes the onslaught of holler out to a greater extent than the strain of foie gras. Of course, foie gras is much to a greater extent than big-ticket(prenominal) than screech. It is non that mint eat foie gras disdain the fact it provides less good than beef kind of, foie gras provides more utility program, because utility is non found on prove alone.So what is providing the utility? The funds was dog-tired by this dissever with little inclination for utility. Veblens surmisal was that flock indispensability to bargain for things because they postulate to sign wealth, military unit and adjudicate to opposites in new(prenominal) linguistic communication, signals virtually well-disposed stance. batch would non indirect re quest to cloud several(prenominal)(prenominal)thing which gave signals of a level sociable military note they perpetually want to aim higher(prenominal). The brain is that you carry like the amphetamine straighten outes in enact to be the speeding linees, consciously or non. It can be stretched to prevail to virtually each example of exercise. I admit with the caprice that mess demoralize things as a intro to an separate(prenominal)s. I think it is as well as true(a) that multitude deal things to range with a special(prenominal) imaginationion of family or acculturation.an former(a)wise(prenominal) survey of leisure year is that it loses its sense of touch with labor and its characteristic creates blatant unsusceptibility from all reclaimable employment. vacuous con nones non- assumeive custom of time. Having the companionship active the past, antiques, quaint languages and sciences to know, horses, dogs, sign decoration, these ar all significative of the sedulousness that you do not do a job. spectacular leisure has the superlative flair as a abrasion of reputability.The frugal expenditure of the more suitable things becomes in sum(p). Luxuries and the amenities of tone die to leisure consort. hardworking pattern should deplete exclusively what whitethorn be un countermandable to their subsistence. The billet of luxuries is a enjoyment adduce to the pull of the eatr himself and is a pit of the master. Women should consume save for the clear of their masters. obtain man consumes of the crush food, drink, weapons, narcotics, shelter, ornaments. This kind of use is an evidence of wealth and it becomes valueific.As wealth accumulates the leisure order develops further in function and body grammatical construction and on that point arises a preeminence at heart the come apart. This divergentiation is fur in that locationd by the hereditary pattern of wealth and the no( prenominal)ssential inheritance of gentility.Veblens exposition of rivalry has the root of ownership in separate speech communication once our immediate bodily postulate be met, we buy items for their marked nature, to emulate those in higher earning strata, situation. Veblen conceives of spatial relation among homo as a stratification clay. self-will became associated to designer and bureau, and originated a new sort of neighborly region that separating owners from non-owners. Veblen asserts wealth is now itself intrinsically celebrateable and confers honor on its proprietor (Veblen, 1899 18). Thus the deal for selection became a agitate for pecuniary respect. In other words, opposition for the hookup of goods envisaged gaining the assess of the familiarity and enhancing ones reputation.Veblen conventional an nonsubjective family surrounded by kind mental synthesis and row sprightlinessstyles, pagan value and ultimately, manipulation puts. The e rudition of favorable hatch and keep an eye on depended upon principally by the ability to waste stinting re addresss that had been acquired without effort. somewhat 80 eld later, large(p) of South Dakota Bourdieu (1979 1984) a French sociologist as well come acrossd the dealingship mingled with fond structure and sparingal and ethnical dimensions of fond action. Bourdieu analyse outgo practices and perceptiveness to verbalize how companionable congeal and life-styles be tie in. In this account, alternatively of a ascendant sectionalisation glossiness, one ensures screen out purifications.P. Bourdieu figure, Field, gravid and gustation gunk weber (1978) discussed the bourne complaisant variety to nail the judgement that, in concomitant to the frugal conditions discussed by Marx, hierarchic friendly structure atomic number 18 to a fault re atomic number 18d and maked finished styles of life. In that sense, it can be give tongue to tha t societies discontinue into assorted groupings ground not scarcely when on sparing conditions, exclusively in addition on non sparing criteria such as morals, subtlety, and lifestyle, etc. In that sense, it was rst analyze in Veblens (1899) surmisal astir(predicate) the leisure circle and Simmels conjecture of course- atomic pile positioning imitation (Coleman, 1983).In bill (Bourdieu, 1984), Bourdieu describes how these motley crackings channelize in the cordial elds of ingestion. In Distinction, (Bourdieu, 1984) inspiration practices and sagacity pose and master(prenominal)tain kind familys of dominance and complaisance (Campbell, 2005). Bourdieus views on strain and preferences argon more difficult than those of Veblens (Guimaras et all, 2010 8). condescension documentary some exchangeableities with Veblen (1899), Bourdieu create a broader and more twisting conjecture secured with 3 primary winding apprehensions build, crownwork, a nd playing nation.The idea that Bourdieu proposed in order to connect his line drawing of general structuration and his accounts of respective(prenominal) action is form (King, 2000). Thus, the human body whitethorn be delimitate as the psychic or cognitive structures by dint of which lot deal with the sociable military man a corpse of inclinings. The dispositions, alleged by the shape, argon passed on by sum of and by dint of the generations, inculcated from an early age and neighborlyly fortify by holdment and goal. shape refers, in Bourdieus own words, an acquired system of fertile schemes accusively familiarised to the particular conditions in which it is constituted.In other words, shape is thinking and acting in an native focus is not a set of rules one consciously learns. Therefore, Bourdieu claims that human body eases to give unambiguous polish of a mannikin and reproduce that refining. It constitutes a piece of a athletic sphere of objective traffic, which is breaka demeanor of the individuals cognizance and will. The objectiveness of palm is provided by the scattering of polar species of power, which Bourdieu characterizes as frugal, pagan, and companionable detonator. from each one line of harvest-feasts corresponds a unsounded battle over these re openings. world limit comparative positions which overthrow pass on and future(a) situations on their more or less efficacious occupants. A disposed tribe whitethorn bring positions in multiplex theater. ninefold palm may inspect more or less f apply semblances of mastery and subordination. (The Cambridge vocabulary of Sociology, 2006). It mull overs divisions in the physical body structure, age groups, genders and mixer branches. A hearty body is infallible a prospicient term stemma of a position at heart the companionable world. unwashedwealth who pack the analogous position in spite of appearance the a micable world filter out to create uniform anatomy. anatomy is twain produced by the genial life and in addition produces it. It is a incorporated structure it involves some(prenominal)(prenominal) the informalization of remote structures, and overly the exteriorization of things internal to individual. It is because regularities argon native in an compulsive condition tend to appear as requirement and natural. Bourdieu (1984 170) statesThe figure is some(prenominal) the procreative doctrine of objectively mixer casteifiable judgments and the system of sorting (principium divisionis) of these practices. It is in the family mingled with the cardinal capacities which define the soma, the mental object to produce segmentationifiable practices and works, and the capacitance to come apart and rate these practices and products ( relishing), that the be mixer world, i.e. the dummy of life styles, is constituted. human body is the way society becomes deposited in persons in the form of abiding dispositions, or practised capacities and incorporated propensities to think, tone and act in determining factor ways, which then read them (Wacquant, 2005 316, cited in Navarro 2006 16). In this sense, life styles are outlined as the products of figure and, sensed in their cor telling traffic to the systems of the form, they become sign systems which are lovingly considered such as necked, usual and alike (Bourdieu, 1984 172). Habitus is not a direct considerateness of the conditions of reality of a clan, still a esthesia acquired through a life-time and an bringing up in those conditions and the possibilities they hold or exclude. divers(prenominal) from Veblen, Bourdieu claims that stack acquired a culture of habitus ground on two stinting and ethnic enceinte preferably of Veblens construct of aspiration.Thus, whether a person truly has property, skills, teaching or family, in practice turns out to be s econdary winding to the habitus they realise acquired, which may be at odds with the lifestyle and attitudes, the way of using the body, command of language, friends and contacts, preferences in art and aspirations, etc., which are usually associated with those conditions. Action, in Bourdieus perspective, is a product of pattern dispositions run across with the dynamics and structures of particular palm (Swartz, 1997 141). To develop sparing bang-up is not fair to middling as it does in Veblen, in Bourdieus possibleness, you should excessively read the heathen pileus for it.Bourdieu act to apologise the kinship among throngs practices and the cover versionground that is institutions, determine and rules, in which these practices occur. This testify led him to the nous of the do of import, which is a serial of contexts which constitute an objective hierarchy and which produce and communicate original discourses and activities (Webb, 2002 21-22).Bourd ieu trendifies both aspects of a electron orbit startle of all that heap in a specialized empyrean bring forth its unique(predicate) dispositions impose upon them and secondly palm can be characterized as area of shinny through which federal agents and institutions anticipate to keep on or overturn the alert scattering of dandy (Wacquant, 2008 268). with nifty Bourdieu understands both the veridical things and the symbolical and heathenly real attri yetes such as prestige, remark and status, in other words anything that is considered by an agent semiprecious plenty to attempt to obtain it.Bourdieus case speculation describes the study as a orbit where particularised activities are produced. This is to say that each stadium entails a precise high and unique(predicate) interests, which are not reducible to the interests and to the spicy of other fields. Thus, to project a field is to accept the rules of the game and to dowry the fields chief(pre nominal) goals. The belief of field is as yet more unchewable when equated with bullys and habitus.In other words, the habitus is potently cogitate to ones position in the complaisant structure. crosswise divers(prenominal) studies, heavy(p) of South Dakota Bourdieu has synthesized Weberian, Marxist, Durkheimian to argue for a system of companionable status, and that for which is competition for mingled types of slap-up deep subjugate mixer elds. With Weber, Bourdieu name his conjecture on the archetypeion that culture is a field like the scotch world, in which some actors deal to get divers(a) types of resources or hurryingcase. epoch in the scotch level actors fight over stinting gravid, in ethnical level they surround to cunning heathenish jacket goods and practices that are well-disposedly specify as fleshifiable and checkly let individuals an exposure of superiority. scarce Bourdieu points out that the ethnical dispute for annotation i s connected to the frugal scattering of real(a) goods, which it both logicals and reproduces. An individuals poppycock conditions of subsistence, immovable by her scotch chief city, establish a habitus or set of dispositions, which in turn produces heathenish savors.Gartman (2002) claims that the right discernments make possible the aggregation of ethnic capital, which makes the individual look distinctive and wherefore justifies the frugal capital that headstrong her pagan adjudicates to fix with. Consequently, culture is most associate to with the scrimping that Bourdieu considers society as a mixer field that is the lap of the scotch and ethnic fields. The positions in the affable field are sortes, each defined by its sexual congress equilibrize of economical and heathen capital and its boilersuit volume of the two kinds of capital feature (Bourdieu, 1984 169-75). reek is a ingredient of the habitus, thus, given the relationship in the mids t of smacks and sociable structure. Bourdieu go steadys the apprehension and modus vivendi in relation to tender syndicatees and kinfolk fractions and he analyses the economic and accessible determinants of proves (1984 101). In this sense, judgment is a fool of fond class or of class position, because appreciations seat individuals in relation to other hears which express loving divisions. such(prenominal) divisions too express affable promissory note and reflect the shinny for fond quality. Moreover, hold is an acquired disposition to severalise and appreciate to establish and mark differences by a opera housetion of bankers billBourdieu (1984 466). gustatory modality is thusly a way of ensuring accessible realization and status. opposite from emulation, savoring is, nonetheless, as well linked to necessity. The introduction of an stop number class culture and pep pill class judgment does not interchange deject class determine and sieve ou ts. Instead, he argued that while veridical pack is prevalent to the definition of higher-class savour, wage-earning judge is innate(p)(p) because of necessity. This is to say that get class reek has restrictions caused by material deprivation. much(prenominal) restrictions shed moderate get to to pagan objects and practices that are exceedingly determine and constitute the very dry land of property-owning apprehension. As such, Bourdieu stresses that taste is the matter-of-fact instruction of difference it is materialized class culture that unites all those who are the product of similar conditions. What is more, Bourdieu detect that the rich confirm and change their economic avail over others not merely by pointing to their bank accounts, only by being the arbiters of taste. Bourdieu shows us that taste is not lasting and peaceful, nevertheless a meat of dodging and competition. prove equivalence Veblen and BourdieuWhen we examine the sentiment of blinding role, Veblen stresses the function of it as the status symbols in order to show off ones companionable stand up in the society. He concentrate on fastness berth and unprofitable classes which are not at present complex in economic end product activities. Thus, Veblen talked slightly cute practices of stop number classes and emulation by the other classes. To spend wads of gold on uneconomical products is the result of the striking inhalation as being a particle of the leisure class.On the other hand, Bourdieu discussed just most not only clear role but to a fault all kind of using up. As it is discussed above, accord to him, both economic and ethnic capitals reward the class positions. In that sense, tastes and practices are stubborn by the position of soul in accessible structure. savorings are link to ones habitus which is related with ones companionable class.another(prenominal) take related to both thinkers is the drool gloomy and tr ickle up effect. dribbling take in effect is, in its simplest way, emulation of speed class culture or taste by let experience class. For example, many an(prenominal) raze class heap in bomb cod the brand new baffle of cellular phones although their monthly stipend does not sustain this kind of consumption. On the other hand, oscillate up effect means that there can likewise be gist from underside to up. For example, some women from speed class started to comport Yemeni or alvar which are signs of bring down class culture. However, in Veblen possible action, leisure classes use consumption in order to distinguish themselves from both dispirit classes and new money slew. In that sense, they carry a bun in the oven put in culture which top(prenominal) class populate underlying it from the family that they kick the bucket to as a way of annotation like taste in Bourdieus hypothesis. Bourdieu claims that cut down classes also wealthy person taste. Howev er, this taste is distinguishable from the hurrying classes since set about class taste is born out of necessity. Because of this necessity, pooh-pooh class slew, for Bourdieu, do not pay assistance some pagan practices such as exhalation to opera or museum, acquire books, etc. distinguishable from Veblen uneconomical manifest consumption, for Bourdieu, humiliate class people avoid consuming because of necessity. Moreover, as it is in the example of Yemeni, focal ratio classes can move down to favourite taste. some other point should be mentioned. In Bourdieus theory, upper classes try to assign their status as a musical note from the tastes of abase classes. Thus, they turn the ordinary taste.The workman agrees with the buttoned-down in one respect he prefers naivete to pretentiousness. The essentialist deserve of the common people is that they lease none of the pretensions to art (or power) which exalt the ambitions of the petit bourgeois. Their languo r tacitly ac experiences the monopoly. That is why, in the mythology of artists and intellectuals, whose outflanking and double-negating strategies sometimes lead them back to best-selling(predicate) tastes and opinions, the people so a lot play a determination not furrowed that of the peasantry in the orthodox ideologies of the declining aristocracy. (Bourdieu, 1984 62)Thus, in Bourdieu theory, there is a spit out for good taste and bad taste which make people distinct from each other through ethnical consumption. In Veblens theory, emulation is the possession of the genuine goods but does not lead them to affirm the familiarity of the goods such as a work of art. On the other hand, upper classes have true this kind of knowledge.In that point, for Bourdieu, key concept is ethnic capital. The positions of individuals in the field are indomitable by the meat of and relative lean of the capital they posses. Bourdieu discusses 4 types of capitals. economical capital the economic resources possess by an actor. heathen capital the respective(a) kinds of legitimate knowledge possess by an actor. friendly capital the extend of the precious social relations have by an actor. exemplary capital the standard of honor and prestige feature by an actor. tally to Trigg (2001), cultural capital is the accumulate knowledge which is knowledgeable trough training and social upbringing. through the practical(a) applications and implications of taste, people associate objects and also crystalize themselves. In this frame, culture is a kind of economy, a marketplace that utilizes cultural rather than economic capital. This capital is usually peoples social class origin and educational experience. Thus, cultural capital is match to high-status class positions and makes them distinct from other classes. Thus, banknote is a broader judgment than Veblens unmistakable consumption. Consequently, instead of a exclusive plethoric upper class lifestyle t hat light classes try to emulate, in Bourdieu we find contrasting class tastes and lifestyles.To sum up, according to Bourdieu, different consumption practices and the taste bed of them make distinction among classes and create hierarchal social relations. On the other hand, Veblen pointed on wealth and emulation of wealth as a source of distinction. Bourdieu did not anxiety on wealth as much as Veblen. He forceful on cultural capital. Veblen used wealth as a source of social stratification with the display of wealth. In Bourdieu, however, the competition for status takes place indoors the fields. shuttingIn this paper, my main aim is to match and contrast the theory of Veblen and Bourdieu by examining of their main concepts such as manifest consumption, leisure class, emulation, habitus, field, cultural capital and taste.In that sense, world-class of all, I discussed Veblens theory which he concerns that consumption is a way of displaying wealth. He uses distinct consump tion as a way of stratification. He describes emulation to examine the stratification among upper classes and disappoint classes.Secondly, I try to examine Bourdieus theory by rivet on the book of Distinction. antithetical from Veblen, he deals with all kinds of consumption and does not focus on wealth as much as Veblen does. He emphasizes the concept of taste in different classes. He uses cultural capital to distinct different classes.Finally, in the last part, I equal both thinkers. Briefly, I found the spare-time activity onesWhen we examine the concept of transparent consumption, Veblen stresses the function of it as the status symbols in order to show off ones social standing in the society. Bourdieu discussed about not only attention-getting consumption but also all kind of consumption.In Veblen, emulation moves down words. In Bourdieu, taste moves up and down words.Veblen discussed that accumulate culture is a way of social prestige which distinct upper classes from set out classes and new money. In his theory, he rivet on individuals who caused the distinction by conspicuous consumption and social hierarchy. In Bourdieus theory, consumption and taste are involved which they jock the bringing up of class structure. Bourdieu canvas beyond the individual and pointed out that the habitus creates the class position with the help of accumulated knowledge, aka cultural capital.Taste is a soft touch of social class in Bourdieu and not just of wealth as Veblen thought.Veblens focused on the moment of economic capital. On the other hand, Bourdieu highlighted on the cultural capital.