How Women are portrayed in society and how sexism plays a role Essay Example for Free

How Wo manpower atomic number 18 portrayed in guild and how sexism plays a grapheme EssaySexism may be defined as a negative response to a threat that is either real or imagined. In edict today sexism plays a major role in terms of image, reputations, and perceptions of how women are portrayed in the media and life in common. The media relatively plays an influential role in sexism against women since the media has predetermined standards of what women should be equivalent. Women base their expectations of auberge and more importantly, expectations of themselves, by what they see around them. All of us consume the media in one form or an different the media sends us images that we consciously or subconsciously absorb, and create a picture in our minds of reality, the mood we believe things should be. This also affects men also since in that respect are certain expectations that they yield to live up to.The media, entertainment icons, and school cooperatively exhibit an d promote gender assimilation, although there are certain standards that men and women must live up to. The media and entertainment icons especially, hold a strong influence on womens perspective on themselves, especially teenage girls who are vent through the awkward stages of their life. Britney Spears is one of the several popular icons in the entertainment industry that plays an influential role in young women lives across the globe. While shes fashioning millions of dollars from touring and selling albums, shes influencing the vulnerable minds of women and their perception of themselves.Shes also setting standards in the from her teenage fan base perspective since they idolize her. Adolescent girls start to obsess everywhere the fact that they have to try to look like Britney Spears by buying similar clothing she wears and constantly worry about their weight since Britney Spears pictures in the mag looks makes it look like shes skinny. What they cant seem to comprehend is t hat most of the time people who have their pictures in the magazines are airbrushed 95% of the time to perfect the flaws that someone has. Therefore, girls are sacking to start to get the impression that they must look like that individual that the magazine promotes.The masterminds behind the propaganda of Britney Spears reputation are the executives at the phonograph recording party. They figure that since young women are very vulnerable to the fact that their self-esteem is capable of being influenced by someones image or actions. Executives know in sight to makemoney off of Britney Spears they try molding her into a typical young woman so teenagers can relate to her as a somebody and image. To accomplish this, they know that Britney can be innovated by promoting certain clothing and doing certain things. In the long run not only the record company is making a profit from this but the clothing stores/companies are benefiting from it too. When it comes down to wanting to look like Britney Spears, adolescents think they have to look like her because of the way she looks and how small her clothes are.Fashion trends and clothing styles, in particular, significantly aid the social construction of gender, especially women. The mere presence of a standard for the nous of beauty automatically designates some group to be in control of the other. This causes individuals to constantly judge one another to make sure that they fit into the class gender classification. Trendy, hip clothing are made for a very specific, minority group of women- narrow-hipped, small-breasted, tall, and skinny. The pressure to fit into these styles of clothes is unrelenting and produces insecurities and a unequal self-perception. These adolescent anxieties are not uncommon and can produce eating disorders, depression, and suicide.Self-esteem is very important for both men and women because it helps them define who they are as a person mentally and physically. High standards that are being portrayed in the media make us self-consciously aware of how were supposed to look like in real life. The new diet trends such as south beach, the zone, and Atkins diet are forcing us to think that we need to lose weight in order to be a suitable size. Also new technologies that are being created to prolong youthful appearances also put an impression on the society that its not appropriate to age. Diets and aging to aside, celebrities that are thin and youthful that meet the alleged beauty standards of modern society conveys a message to adolescents and women that it is wrong to be a certain size or have a particular image. In the long run this speeds up the process of adolescents, men and women in general to develop some sort of eating disorder or depression due to low self-esteem.The media forces this upon us to see this and absorb this into our minds, and form somewhat a distorted mentality of ourselves. Eating disorders are one of the most common problems among adolescents in our society. Individuals who lack a good self-esteem are prone to influences ofperfection, when in reality there is no such thing as being perfect. Images of women and men in the media that are almost always young, thin, muscular and highly irresistible and which is not the norm. This is what they strive to become, many become miserable in the process. Normal body features bodily changes such as putting on weight, getting older, having underhandedly and leg hair, having pimples or having small breasts are shown to be highly undesirable, and even abnormal.These body enhancements procedures can sometimes be fatal and lead to death. An individual shouldnt have to go through the matters of life and death risks just to change a minor imperfection about them. Women and men are constantly made to live that they are not good enough, and that they should take corrective measures to improve themselves and their bodies to be closer to the norm which could lead to psychological and emo tional harm, as well as eating disorders in some women who are obsessed with changing their bodies in order to look desirable and to be accepted in society.The general semipublic begins to accept these standards and assimilate this into their morals. The individual in the society start to believe what the media says about what they think is right. This is when sexism and racism come into play. They start to use impractical standards against other people and start to judge them based on what they look like. Men and women in the society are greatly affected by this since they have to embrace with their social peers. In order to fit in they try to perfect themselves and change the way they look by following the latest trends and values. Unfortunately, in our society today people continue to pass judgment on others and not give that person a chance to make their first impression.In conclusion, I feel that people shouldnt pay attention to irrational standards that are going to make the ir lives miserable. Despite the medias and the public standards of perfection, a person should be happy with who they are regardless of how they look. Instead of striving to fix their smallest flaws by going through extreme measures such as starving themselves to stay thin or going through cosmetic surgery to maintain a youthful and attractive appearance, they should accept their imperfections and be happy with who they are. The society has these standards to define themselves as aperson. sometimes these standards are created to put stereotypes on genders in order to characterize who they are. I feel that these standards shouldnt exist and that each individual should go by their own standards.

Teachers Are Leaders Essay Example for Free

Teachers Are Leaders EssayTouching much lives, affecting the outcome of so many another(prenominal) futures a teacher is the epitome of a attraction. Just as a leader has his or her own style, their way of motivating their students, also plays an important part in a students success. Spending more time with our children then most p arnts do, a teacher is fundamental in shaping our children. If they are poor leadership our children suffer. When they shine as leaders our children rosiness and the universe is wide open to them. As a teacher it is of utmost importance that you tune your leadership skills and find the best style of teaching for the students you are teaching.In finding resources for this paper it was evoke to note that exclusively the information fell under the category of leadership and not teacher qualities. It was also interesting to note that the principle the US Army teaches on leadership are included in an overwhelming number of corporations as well tau ght mostly by retired military themselves. The intrinsic characteristics of a teacher can be categorized into a few main teaching styles or leadership styles. Directing, Participating, Delegating, and Combined styles are the main forms of teaching and leading.The qualities associated with these styles are imperative to any teacher. The purpose as teachers is fundamentally the same as leaders, to provide purpose, rush and motivation while operating(a) to accomplish the mission in this case to educate. All four of these actions must be present in order for a student to benefit. A leader or teacher is not born entirely cultivated through his/her upbringing and environment. In my experience as a leader, teaching in educational Psychology, being a parent, I curb learned that what you as a leader or teacher bring to your students or audience is imperative to their conditionment and learning.A teachers personal characteristics are also crucial factor in students development and motiva tion. The first principle is purpose, which has to be conveyed to the student. Why do I desire to learn Math? How leave behind studying History benefit me? Without the whys we as students are lost. A teacher must give the purpose. It is important to you because? If this question is leave unanswered the student will not consider the value of the topic being discussed. To move from purely acceptance to questioning and understanding denotes a higher(prenominal) level of learning. This is the main objective of teaching.Moving the students from regurgitation to higher realization is the ultimate goal. Teachers hold to take the time to explain the whys and in the long fleet it will benefit both the teacher and student. Direction is tied to purpose. Direction is the steps we are going to take to get to that important purpose. Without steps or direction, we lack the framework in which to learn. By prioritizing small tasks (you must teach numbers before adding them) your lessons will be more hard-hitting. By conveying the direction or path to your students you are setting up the checklist for them to follow on to higher learning.Purpose and direction are essential aspects to convey to your students. Without motivation merely these factors will not be impressive. The motivation will give your students the will and desire to do things. You can tell a student the purpose of a task and the direction in which to go but without the internal motivation of that student, sparked by your personality and learned tactics in dealing with students, these will be meaningless. Motivation is the drive and will to do what needs to be done to accomplish the mission. To instill motivation a teacher has to know his/her students and their capabilities.A teacher must know what the students can relate to, what tasks the student are fitting of, and what method of teaching will relate to the students. If a student can conduct not being supervised on a task, then the teacher doesnt b aby-sit them. Some students need a teacher looking over their articulatio humeri at all times its important to know which student you demand. To instill positive motivation when they succeed praise them when they fail show them how to succeed following(a) time. If this is done properly it will be a teachers strongest toolMotivation is not just the words you say to your students, it is the actions that you do and the example you set for them. I have found that no matter what I tell my subordinates, or my son, the best way to teach them is by setting the example for them to follow. We all have someone watching and emulating our actions. If you want to convey hard work, proficiency, and the desire for learning to your students, then you must first emulate those qualities. The best teachers and leaders in my carriage have made me want to take some of their personality traits and copy them.In front of the classroom, who is looked at more than a teacher is All of these factors compo und to make a somewhat effective teacher or leader, but without the right combination of teaching the leadership will be ineffective. Effective leaders are flexible enough to adjust their leadership styles and techniques to the people they lead. Some students will respond best to coaxing, suggestions, or prodding while others may need a chewing out. If you treat all students the same you are probably being unfair because all students are not the same.You must use the directive, participating, delegating, and feature approaches to teaching. Obviously every situation dictates common sense and some adjusting, but you would not want to use a purely free and laid buns approach with a group in a juvenile prison. The directive style of teaching is purely lecture which puts most students and myself to sleep. This is teacher centered with critical informations and no input from the class. Now this can be done effectively with students who have an innate interest in the subject but for th e majority of those who have no choice but to take this class this becomes boring.Without the lecture or instruction part of teaching, however, most students would not be given the instruction for proficiency and understanding that the subjects may require. When students dont have the expertise in a subject, a crucial aspect of the subject is the introduction itself. In certain subjects deal math it is imperative that formal instruction takes place. The do this to get this approach must exist. However too purely drown your students with facts and tedious instructions will turn off the students motivation. On the opposite extreme of teaching, the delegating style would be employed.The delegating style involves giving students the power to solve problems and make decisions themselves, without checking with the teacher in most circumstances. This can be effective with very mature students in whom a teacher wants to create independence and expand their thinking. This simply declared i s the teacher giving a problem, minimal instructions, and expecting the student to find the solution. In some aspects this can be effective only if the students have a sanctioned understanding and the fore knowledge of how to solve the problem.With too little amount of instruction this will be a disaster The participating style centers on both the students and the teacher. The teacher gives the students a problem, gives instruction and possible solutions, and asks the students for input. The teacher, although dependent on recommendations from the students, makes the final solution however. This is most effective for teachers who have time as their advantage, which many do not. When this style is used, the students purport as though they are at least a part of the discovery performance and it gives them a sense of self-command of the final plan.Again the factor here is time, so this can be ineffective when there are strict time constraints and many lessons to accomplish. The most effective teaching style is the combined approach. Just as the name implies it uses all of the benefits of the delegating, participating, and directive approaches. It is a flexible and transformational tool for any given situation. To become an effective teacher you must learn when, to what degree, and how to use this approach. This approach is best used when you have students with a conglomeration of experiences, knowledge, motivations, and maturity.This may sound like common sense, but too often do when have those pure lecture teachers, or those who are on the other extreme and let the students learn on their own. With all the styles of teaching and leading, who the teacher is plays a significannot role in what the student learns. As I sat in the first day of Educational Psychology I noted how many times the teacher looked at the clock. She noted when there was one minute until the class was to start and has promptly kept the same worry to time since that first day.This shows tw o of the characteristics awareness and perception that a teacher needs to bring to the classroom. Other characteristics include listening receptively to what others have to say, evaluate others and having empathy for them, foresight and intuition, awareness and perception, highly developed powers of persuasion, an ability to conceptualize and to communicate concepts as well as establish goals, empowering people, using multiple options thinking, and being aroused close to what they are teaching.These are forged by our personal beliefs, and just as important our life experiences. Having these combined with the right approach purpose, direction, and motivation are the key to effective teaching and leading. Leaders cant be trained, but they can be developed. Development needs to be ongoing and highly personalise in its nature. Teachers, true leaders, are so strategically important that schools cannot afford not to provide them with the support and developmental resources they need to grow. But not everybody is capable of being an outstanding leader.However, it is going to be the key to better education in a world of change, complexity and uncertainty. As I look butt on the semester, I remember how it started. Never have I been in a class where the classroom students taught the instruction. What a weird, bizarre, and radical way of teaching. I have to admit, I hate to work in-groups and I didnt like this idea at all. In light of my stubbornness and repulsion I see why this had to happen. To me the process was not really about learning the material but bluntly seeing how you can be inspired put to sleep, or appalled at other students, or yourself.The fundamental concept is not really about what you are teaching, but how. The with-it-ness of the teacher makes the student learn or care about the subject. The lack of enthusiasm in an instructors voice, the laziness as they slouch on the podium or smack their gum, or the sheer brilliance of their presentation is what inspires and motivates a student to learn. The Army is the same way with winning wars and making heroes. Many civilian corporations have emulated the leadership principles applied in the Army doctrine and regulations. This is what I have applied this course to.As a supervisor in the Army in charge of those many years younger than me or double as old as me this course has shown me in a less obvious way to adapt and be flexible to the situation. Also I feel that beyond the regular courses that teachers take they should be shown how to develop their leadership skills. They need to be shown which style to teach which students and how to be flexible. Teachers also need to have and develop some personal qualities that will make them successful. Without the characteristics mentioned they will not be successful teachers.The leaders of the most powerful army of the future need to be shown how to lead. They need to know how to give to their students meaning by showing the purpose, provid ing the direction and the motivation while they accomplish their mission, to educate. Teachers need to use different approaches to teaching base on the students and they need to be flexible in their approach. Sometimes it is okay to think (teach) in the nook and sometimes we need to think (teach) out of the box but I believe we can think both ways at the same time. Sources Blanchard, Kenneth, Patricia Zigarmi, and Drea Zigarmi.leaders and the One Minute Manager Increasing strong point Through Situational Leadership. William Morrow Company. 1985. Hesselbein, Frances, Goldsmith, M. , Beckhard, R. , Eds. The Leader of the Future New Visions, Strategies, and Practices for the Next Era. Jossey-Bass Publication. 1996. Covey, Stephen J. The Seven Habits Of Highly Effective People Powerful Lessons in Personal Change. Reprint Edition. Fireside. 1990. Covey Leadership Center US Army Field Manual FM 22-100 Army Leadership. U. S. Government Printing Office 1999.

Cross Cultural Marketing Communications

Cross hea whence Marketing CommunicationsEXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report addresses a project that elaborates Cross Cultural Marketing Communications with reference to Global perspective. It as well includes an extensive study d unmatched on HSBC Pakistan enabling readers to closely go steady the Think Global operate Local. A major programme of market look for was carried unwrap to assess the same.The main aim of this study was to explore the eventors and considerations which give rise to local strategies training in sell communications. In order to achieve the above mentioned primary minutcapitulumy both researches were carried out. In primary research qualitative research was carried out which includes interviewing marketing officials of HSBC bank. The data collected was analysed closely to produce valuable findings.The research revealed that it is extremely important to suck grappleledge of local civilisations and customs when entering in global byplay. The research i dentified substantial factors which matters while entering in a antithetical cultured place. This confirmed that a general service alike banking tooshie also be moulded for customers in such(prenominal) a itinerary that they allow give preference to a service which c ars about their local value. entrywayOf all the stage descent tr blocks spilling over from the 20th to 21st centuries, that of globalization is the one most likely not to be labelled as a fad after several years. The emergence of the global marketplace inevitably advances, bringing with it revolutionary change in the ways that many organizations do business. Harvards Theodore Levitt said more than a generation ago that the purpose of any business was to first attract, and then keep, a customer globalization brings a wide range of possibilities to the summons of attracting those customers.In the lick of attracting customers in supranational markets it of course is necessary for businesses to enter those natio ns where the markets exist. We can pour forth all around the ethnic differences that exist among the worlds tidy sum, just now the place line is that people with different cultural backgrounds have different perspectives. The purpose here is to evaluate the statement.The language of comparative management operateks to represent the management systems of the other. It pretends to be an objective representation of those systems, but it can exactly talk about them in a language informed by its give localized and historically situated ontologies, epistemologies and moralities (Westwood, 2001, 242).And to examine the case of HSBC Worlds Local Bank the practices of HSBC will be explored in context with the local culture of Pakistan and what changes were made in their Marketing and advertisement program exclusively for Pakistan, as Pakistan is one of important and emerging countries of Asia.Since cross-cultural marketing is of great splendor in this era of globalization many res earches have been carried out in this field. Previous researches have not provided sufficient explanation for the cultural factors and practices of HSBC Bank Pakistan. This paper attempts to fill the gap by finding and canvass the local practices of HSBC bank and how did they manage to cater the needs of local public.This paper starts examining the importance of cross cultural marketing efforts and the differences found in inter cultural markets. In chapter two consumers and the perception process is discussed with reference to cross cultural aspects. There argon several issues which atomic number 18 to be explored in cross cultural marketing which will be discussed in chapter three. The case of HSBC bank and its claim of being worlds local bank will be explored in chapter 4. At the end of this paper recommendations and conclusion will be given based on the research and literature review.CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND1.1 Cross cultural marketing and its importanceFuturists, marketing gurus, demographers, even social scientists generally agree that virtually all research, but especially marketing research, depends on the population involved, specifically the consumer. Books on the hebdomadary best sellers list and the most popular television programs provide directional signals to the future. Trend expert and futurist, Faith Popcorn regularly asks her clients whether or not they know what their customers ate for breakfast, how many kids they have, what atomic number 18 they thinking about and what their the three biggest concerns in life.If the answer is no, you dont know how to sell to them, Popcorn (1996) says. To understand consumers, you have to know what they atomic number 18 eating, how they are living and how they are shopping. Listening to the customer, arrest what he or she is all about, will help you future fit your guild (pp. 7D). Generalities, Popcorn says, are what ultimately gives most companies grief. Mass market is overthe future is about individ ualization, she explains. We have entered a time of one-on-one or customized marketing (7D).It is simple commonsense to embody that such must also be the case in the process of cross-cultural marketing. To make assumptions about a extra mark audience or market is flirting with marketing disaster. This is of even greater importance when the marketing is taking place across cultural barriers that might include language barriers, socio-economic status, spectral beliefs, or other forms of restrictions that neglect to include the important component of who people are and what are the circumstances that have made them the way they are. The smart marketing professional fully researches and plans for cultural differences. Without that knowledge or without the understanding associated with such knowledge, the likelihood of a successful marketing campaign or crossroad launching become increasingly more discouraging.No single aspect of harvest-tide and service customization is more impor tant, or more obvious, than that of the unique differences encapsulated within the cultural differences and particular kneads based on larger issues associated with the society in which the consumer is born, raised, and educated. Certainly, a consumers preferences are developed in light of his or her opinions and experiences that are then influenced by the realm in which that consumers own piece and preferences are shaped.It is always important to remember, especially when looking at the larger return development framework that encompasses marketing that purchases are not of necessity about the item or service purchased. Of far greater interest to the consumer are the costs, the utility, and the popularity of any given item and not necessarily in that order. Shopping and consumption have become tied up with far more factors than need, utility, or am consumptionment. Complicated issues such as sexuality, status, and self-esteem are connected to the purchases of everything from ca rs to handbags. Regardless of whether such a statement is accurate for any single individual or particular group of individual .It is a fact of life in retailing, in marketing, in all aspects of human interaction for most consumers, especially those most influenced by the commercialism of Western societies.As people across the globe gain better understanding of one another, it seems especially arrogant of an organization launching a marketing campaign without thorough research into the markets characteristics and features. It is obvious why the best companies are often those with the best access to the best information. The Information Age has drawn the world together, in at least one way. The fact that people around the industrialized world are well-aware of the products and services that are desirable and exist in other parts of the world. Unfortunately, those selling the products, whether those are industrial machines or womens lingerie are less aware of their consumers than the consumer is of then. As long as that lack of equilibrium is in place, the marketer faces an rising battle.According to Ryan (1996), all too often, consumer research has been preoccupied with empirical issues and neglects the experiential perspective of consumers as individuals influenced by their cultures, upbringing, and lifestyle. This reflects a fundamental difficulty in consumer research that them leads to a lack of understanding of the context of the consumers cultural bias, preference, and understanding. The marketing specialist must always ask who or what is the consumer? However, the marketer must also be well aware of what factors have made the consumer think and act in the way he or she does. Without such an understanding of cultural issues, a product or service enters a market with a definite disadvantage.Malhotra, Agarwal and Peterson (1996) also warn that methodological issues have had the historical tendency of restricting the most positivistic and forward-thinking p rogress of cross-cultural marketing research. Cross-cultural research is best addressed through specialized analytical methods such as structural equation manikin and conjoint analysis. New methods, however, should be based on validated theories to benefit cross-cultural research. Researchers are encouraged to develop new methods and theories that are based on the cultural circumstances they are dealing with, as well as the information that makes such cultural concerns different or in need of accommodation from any other marketing process.The persuasiveness of any communication can be change magnitude much more easily and dramatically by paying(a) attention to the content (and the relation of that content to the dependent target variable) than by manipulation of credibility, attractiveness, fear, self-esteem, distraction, or any of the other myriad factors that have captured the attention of researchers in the area of marketing communication. Keeping these factors in mind, specif ic, qualitative research methodology must be employed in order to assure that the unique concerns of this as unique culturally specific demographic are addressed. Recognizing that such a segment of the population requires a multi-faceted approach in terms of any meaningful research, the first baseline data should be gathered from a cross-national diffusion analysis since basic cross-national or cross-cultural diffusion analysis plays an integral two-bagger in determining the success of newly-introduced products in the market.According to Kumar, Ganesh, Echambadi (1998), evaluating cross-national/cultural factors does not still help firms determine market trends but also help them find oneself the period of time by which products are adopted in different parts of the country. However, it is safe to say that three key factors for successful cross-cultural business will always play a part in that atmosphere recognition of the other partys difference, the need to remain culturally neutral, and respect for the cultural norms and/or behaviours feignless of potential emotional stress and discomfort. Marketing strategies must be sensitized according to the cultural norms and taboos of other societies, while considering their cultures languages, work schedules, tastes, religious beliefs and lifestyles. In most parts of Latin America, for example, social relationships must be established before the process of engaging in business.1.2 Inter cultural marketing differences both society as a cultural heritage that prescribes certain broad patterns of behaviour. These patterns extend to such diverse areas as sexual roles, dress, pabulum habits, recreation, patterns of authority, status symbols, artefacts, attitudes, motivation, and use of space and meaning of language. We are accustomed to the practices and configurations of our own culture and, when deprived of them, are often unable to deal effectively with our environment. (Kenneth Runyon). Alvin Toffler refers th e phenomenon of culture shock as the psychological effect of suddenly finding ourselves without our accustomed cultural support.Customs and culture can be even stronger than laws. When advertising to children age 12 or over was approved in Germany, local customs were so strong that companies risked customers revolt by continuing to advertise. (W Wells, Burnett J Moraity S)Every society has different spate of cultures which companies and organizations have to keep in mind while developing their marketing and advertising strategies.Companies that are starting to do business in the Middle einsteinium have to learn new selling methods because the region is so devoutly religious. There are major restrictions on how women are presented in advertising. Many Asian cultures emphasize relationships and context. To be effective, the advertising meaning must recognize these cultural differences. (W Wells, Burnett J Moraity S)Values in a society continually change and are sometimes dichotom ous. For example, as the median age of the population increases (the aging of baby boom generation), modifications in values are readily evident. While being giving of sexuality and other more liberal concepts, millions of Americans are, at the same time, returning to more traditional values and embracing some form of religion or spirituality. After decades of materialism and self-indulgence, many baby boomers are searching for meaning. Even younger members of society are changing. Many have embraced greater levels of temperance in terms of drugs, alcohol and sex.The restructuring of values in society presents three challenges for marketing experts. The first is to monitor for changes so that the company is aware of what is happening in the society. The second is to create products and services compatible with changing values. The third is to design marketing messages that reflect and build on the value target markets and individual customers hold. (Kenneth Clow Donald Baack).CHAP TER 2 CONSUMERS lieu2.1 Consumer behaviour to cross cultural marketingThe development of any product or service will be dependant on the behavioural attitudes of the cloud consumers. These whitethorn influence the development, demand change or impact on the way in which marketing takes place. The development of many different products and services can be seen to demonstrate these changes.The way in which a purchase decision is made can be seen to encompass the different attitudes of a purchaser, and as such it will impact on the way the product is perceived and the need for companies to satisfy consumer needs or appeal to their desires.Research into this area has identified that the process that goes on in this black box is usually undertaken in one of two ways. This may be by the category-based evaluation or piecemeal process (Hadjimarcou et al, 1999).Category based decision making is a method of evaluating a product (Hadjimarcou et al, 1999). For example a consumer may be in a supermarket considering which firebrand of coffee to buy. The category based process will involve the consumer will make use of the existing knowledge or memories that they already have regarding the product (Hadjimarcou et al, 1999). They may remember that a particular brand of coffee was associated with fair Trade, or received a good review in a food and drink magazine. It is worth noting that this will also reflect political changes and different fashions or trends. advertize plays a part in this process as it gives the consumer a knowledge or perception of the product prior to the consumer arriving at the supermarket (Kahn, 1998). Even though this may not be remembered consciously the consumer may have this clew or memory stimulated when they see the packaging of a make, or make the association (Hadjimarcou et al, 1999). The advertising may be to associate with the product the company name or the brand.One example of the way advertising may be used is that of Chevron, who prob ably spent five times the cost of its environmental initiatives on publicity (Dadd and Carothers 1993,483), many of which were legal requirements. Other companies, such as Body Shop (Bartlett C, 1991), or Ben and Jerrys (Zinkhan and Carlson, 1995), have embraced environmentalism more sincerely approaching it in differing ways and as such create a more positive image that may be remembered when making a purchase decision. These have been as a lead of the increase public awareness of the need for care of the environment, which has been propagated by non governmental organisations as well as the government.This shows how consumer states and behaviour change the way products are developed. If we consider the Bodyshop as an example, although the reputation was one of environmental policies and good practice, it was developed this way collect to a perceived gap in the market, not out of an altruistic concern for the way business took place. Therefore, business follows the consumer deman ds. Like immaterial, Chevron cynically used the steps it was legally obliged to take to give an pic of an environmental business in order to increase its reputation and increase sales.There are also other trends that we can see take place, one only has to look in a UK supermarket during a dispute with France to see the way that the impression given by French products and the association with the dispute will decrease the demand for them. Here we see that there is also a strong indication that stereotyping may play a role in the consumer choices (Hadjimarcou et al, 1999). This may be seen as a strange kind or justice, after all the advertising companies have been stereotyping consumers for long enough.The second process is the piecemeal process, this may be seen as a more thoughtful approach, but it is still prone to influence form consumer behaviour (Hadjimarcou et al, 1999). In this process the consumer takes into account the different characteristics of the different products (Ha djimarcou et al, 1999). Our consumer looking for coffee may therefore look to see if it is decaffeinated, what the flavour strength and type is described as and possibly even the improvement of the jar after the coffee is used.Today it is popular for a shopper to look to buy tuna with a dolphin friendly label indicating that dolphins were not harmed in the catching of the fish. The change magnitude awareness of environmental factors has informed the consumers and increase the demand (Kotler, 2003).The same may be said of many other product, hence the increased appearance of low fat foods and low sugar foods, emblazoned with labels to tell the consumer that they have the characteristics which the consumer may find as desirable.The same is also true of health food, increased government and health advertising has emphasised the role of diet and health, as such there has been increased demand for products that are higher(prenominal) in fibre, apologise of artificial preservatives an d natural.The development of new ranges have also reflected changed consumer behaviour. A good example of this is the luxury food sold in supermarkets. These were once small lines with only a little interest shown in them. However, when the economy suffered a surprising event took place that indicated these were not ordinary goods but giffen goods.Normal goods will see sales drop when either their price rises or there is a decrease in disposable income and the relative price can be seen as increasing (Nellis and Parker, 2000). When the economy took a batchward trend these good increased in sales, with demand for a better selection. The pattern was seen as a result of a reduction in visits by the consumers to a restaurant, this was seen as an acceptable substitute, good quality food, already prepared, but cheaper as it was bought and then cooked at home.This was a piecemeal decision as in many cases the prices were compared either form memory and the purchase was considered, The cha nge in behaviour also instigated new ranged and developments of increased provision of these luxury brands. For example in the UK, each supermarket now has its own luxury brand, such as Tesco with their finest range.The aspect of price will also be seen as part of the process, this may be due to the perception of the brand as an expensive or cheap brand (stereotyping), as will the image of the product gained from the packaging and the advertising (Kahn, 1998). This was also a part of the rise of the luxury food market.The need for information and the way this is acted upon can also influence markets. A good example of this may be seen as the Dyson vacuum cleaner. This was the first vacuum cleaner to be patented with a bagless system. Turned down by major companies such as Electrolux the company started up producing the vacuums in a shoestring, with straightforward advertising the took pace by way of an explanation of what the product was. This become a popular product, so much so th at competitors, such as Hoover broke the patent to start supplying similar products due to the change in consumer tastes and their demand for this type of vacuum after understanding exactly what it was and how it worked.These different decision methods may be seen as not in return exclusive, they may interact with each other, and the decision maybe based on both, especially if the purchase is a large single purchase such as a television or a washing machine. However, they also embody the different behavioural attitudes of the consumer which manifest n the different purchase decisions. It is only when understanding this complex interaction of values beliefs and trends that a company can develop products that will sell and market them in the right way to the right target audience. The change is often seen as driven by new products, but the real change can be seen in the way that the consumer behaves, after all, if a new product is developed, but does not succeed it will not impact on the overall market, whereas changing attitudes will force change in the suppliers.2.2 Perception based on cultural backgroundsPerception is important in communication because perception affects the way we understand events, others and ourselves. Our perceptions are unique because of physiological factors, then(prenominal) experiences, culture and co-culture, and present feelings and circumstances.Two computer programmers, each of the same race and from similar socioeconomic backgrounds, are likely to communicate with each other otherwise than if either was addressing a member of another culture or presenting a project report to a committee overseeing a project of which the programmers work was a part. Communication can be complicated when those involved are merely from different regions of the United States. When they are from totally different countries, then often it is wise to adopt highly formal speech and manner so as not to inadvertently offend the other party.We have found in new-made years just how far the East is from the West in so many respects, including the manner in which different cultures go about copeing business. Following are examples from Germany and Japan.German fortunes have risen and fallen throughout the 20th century, but Germany remains the wealthiest and most highly populated of all the European nations. Despite its former political divisions, Germany consistently has been known for more than a century for its precision technology. Whether the product is Daimler or BMW cars, photographic equipment or Siemens Medical equipment and applications, German engineering has been and remains an envy of much of the Western world.Germanys approach to engineering is not to reserve expertise only for the most promising or profitable industries, but to steep all of German industry in excellence. This tradition extends to textile machinery as well Germany both imports and exports such machinery, commonly regarded as some of the best available in the entire world.Business travellers would do well to equate the precision of German engineering to the manner in which Germans prefer to conduct their business transactions. They are precise in information and punctuality, and a business meeting is just that. It is not a social occasion the issue of small talk is one foreign to them. Whereas zeroing in on the pass of a meeting would be bad form in Japan or China, it is expected in Germany (Sabath, 1999).Morrison, Con outdoor(a) and Borden (1994) urge business people to remember that Germanys superlative engineering is not instantaneous, but is the product of a long, laborious process that literally can go on for years. The German reputation for quality is based (in part) on slow, methodical planning. Every aspect of the deal you propose will be pored over by many executives. Do not anticipate being able to speed up this process. This slowness extends through all business affairs. Germans believe that it takes time to do a job properly (Morrison, Conaway and Borden, 1994 p. 130).There is a vast difference between the business culture of todays Japan and that which first set Detroit on its ear in the early 1970s. Then, quality was paramount, and Nipponese businessmen were inscrutable. They spoke of quality, honour and courtesy, and they required any foreign business entity wishing to do business with them to modify to their approach, or at least adopt their approach in soliciting them.Japans business culture is in a state of flux at the current time. traditionalistic values still hold great influence, but they are gradually being shoved aside by the realities of the state of Japans economy. Some things apparently never change, however. Managers in Japan think that if people dont know about something, then the best thing to do is cover it up, says Shuji Oida, a specialist in crisis management with Cosmo commonplace Relations in Tokyo (Butler and Hadfield, 2000 p. 36).Despite all of these changes, howeve r, the traditional Asian perspective still is paramount in Japan. As stated earlier, the Japanese regard silence as a useful tool and not a reason for any discomfort. Perhaps the most problematic aspect of the Japanese personality is the reluctance to be negative at all. The statement, Ill consider it may well be a no in disguise (Morrison, Conaway and Borden, 1994). The Asian character persists in Japan of course, though Japanese business is much more Western than in the past. Connections are important, as is relative rank.Traditions seem to fall away with each passing year in the US, but other areas of the world are far more committed to their own traditions. Whether springing from their long histories or their own views of their systems superiority makes little difference. The fact of globalization is a stable one, and it will be necessary for anyone hoping to be successful to be fully aware of culturally-based differences in perceptions and how they colour communications between people.CHAPTER 3 ISSUES IN CROSS CULTURAL MARKETING3.1 Language in cross cultural advertisingThe second case of international adverting emphasizes the cultural differences among nations. This school of thought recognizes that people worldwide share certain thoughts, but it also stresses the fact that these needs are met differently from culture to culture although the same emotions are basic to all humanity the degree to which these emotions are expressed publicly varies. The camaraderie typical in an Australian business office are frowned on in Germany, where co-workers often do not use first names. The ways in which we categorize information and the values we confiscate to people depend on the things and settings in which we were raised.( William, Jhon Sandra)How do cultural differences relate to advertising? According to the high-context/low-context theory, although the function of advertising is the same throughout the world, the mission of its message varies in different cu ltural settings. The major distinction is because of high context cultures, in which the meaning of a message can be understood in a specific context, and low context cultures, in which the message can be understood as an independent entity. (William, Jhon Sandra)This model helps explain the difficulties of advertising in other languages. The difference between Japanese and English are instructive. English is a low-context language. English words have very clearly defined meanings that are not highly dependent on the words preceding them. In Japanese, however, a word can have multiple meanings. Listeners will not understand the exact meaning of a word unless they clearly understand the following sentence that is the context in which words is used. (William, Jhon Sandra)Advertising message constructed by writers from high context cultures might be different to understand in low context cultures because they may offer too much detail to come to the point clearly. In contrast, messag es authored by writers from low context are less difficult to understand in high context because they omit essential context details. (William, Jhon Sandra)Discussing the Japanese way of advertising, Takashi Michioka, president of DYR agency of Young Rubicam and Dentso, put it this way in Japan, differences among products, does not consist of explaining this words the point of difference is competing products as in America. specialization is achieved by bringing out the appeal in the commercial- the way they talk, the music, the scenery-rather than emphasizing the unique features and dissimilarities of the product itself. (William, Jhon Sandra)Companies that want to understand how consumers think and make decisions about products conduct sophisticated consumer behaviour research, to identify their consumers, why they buy, what they buy and how they buy. (William, Jhon Sandra)It also is a visual road map for this chapter. We first explore the target market and then examine social , cultural, and physiological influences on the consumer behavior.3.2 Communication style in cross cultural advertisingThe influence of culture on communication is well document by researchers in many disciplines. One of the most difficult challenges for international marketers is communicating to people of diverse cultures. Cultural differences may exist not only between nations but also within a nation itself. Such cultural and micro cultural differences present a formidable challenge to international marketing and advertising practitioners because the value systems, attitudes, perceptions and communication of individuals and groups are all culturally shaped or influenced (Samover Porter, 1991 Tan, 1986).As research indicates, advertising, a form of social communication, is also influenced by various elements of the originating culture (e.g., Frith Wesson, 1991 Hong et al., 1987 Mueller, 1987 Rice Lu, 1988 Tanseyetal., 1990). On the other hand, cultural values may determine t he differential meanings that people derive from advertising messages (Cundiff Hilger, 1984 Hornik, 1980 McCracken, 1986 Onkvisit Shaw, 1983). Advertising may also shape or affect the values of its consumers over time (Ewen Ewen, 1982 Ferguson et al., 1990 Pol lay, 1986, 1987).In his research reports, Pollay stated that advertising was a belie mirror in that it reflects only certain underlying values and lifestyles. He also historied that advertising was a distorting mirror as well, because it strengthened those values by providing reinforcement, and p. 108).It is well documented in many disciplines (e.g., sociology, cultural anthropology, mass communication, marketing, cultural studies, semiotics) that advertising reflects and reinforces many of the social values, norms and stereotypes of its audiences (Coser et al., 1987 Holbrook, 1987 McQuail, 1994 Mueller, 1987 Vestergaard Schroder, 1985). Two well-known semiotic researchers, Fiske and Hartley (1978,1980) noted that adverti sing does not represent the researchers pointed out that advertising insists on an idealized goal of achieving personal happiness, success and security, and it does this by first depicting a world-o

A Pestel Analysis On Tour Operators Tourism Essay

A Pestel Analysis On play Operators Tourism EssayWith the following teaching I meet been asked to examineYou be an established Tour Operator offering worldwide, long haul computer programmes that feature Africa, The Caribbean, Dubai, The Far East and North America. severally programme uses a sort of methods of transfer,With air being the prescript method. You also use local rail and ferry connections and coaches are used extensively for both whileing and transfers. It is an accepted fact that major apoplexys and incidents base occur during the functioning of a programme.Task 1Describe the major misfortunes and incidents that could occur throughout the duration of the programme described above.Task 2Produce a expound and systematic Emergency mean that deal be put into effect to deal with some(prenominal) major accident and/or requisite.NotesYou should produce one generic see that is capable of being implemented for all land sites. Do not produce separate pro poses for each of the accidents and incidents identified in Task 1 above.Your jut out must be comprehensive and embarrass while away and plyingrequirements, in addition to the actual plan of action.Table of Contents Page no.Introduction ., 04Porters basketball police squad Forces Model .., 05Selecting an Organization ., 08Application of Porters Five Forces Model to a selected brass ., 08Additional theories which develop Porters idea ., 11Conclusion., 17References., 18 cosmosWHAT IS TOURISM AND TOUR OPERATIONAccording to the World Tourism Organization Tourism tramp define as The Activities of soulfulnesss hinge onling to and staying in distinguishs orthogonal their mutual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, channel and other purposesTourism is the temporary movement of people to finishs outside their normal steers of playact and residence, the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities bring ond to cater to their needs (Mathieson Wall, 1982, p.1)Tourism has not been defined universally be perform it is hard to define if tourism isan industry and what factors make a person locomotioning a touring car. All tourism involvestravel, yet not all travel is tourism (Mill Morrison, 2002, p. 1). What this is saying thatyou need to go somewhere to be a tourist yet you can go somewhere and not be a tourist,simply by visiting family. Travel refers to the act of moving outside of ones usualenvironment for business or pleasureTourism industry can divide into 3 main categories. These categories are waiting on the type of the travel. domestic help tourismWhen People travel within their own region come under this sectionIncoming or inbound tourismWhen people get in the country in question from the home country, this is a type of international tourismOutbound tourismWhen people travel away from their home countryAs we discussed earlier there are some main requirements that a traveler seeks when travelling takes place. Some of them are-Accommodation-Travelling Assistant-Information AssistantIn enunciate to assist with the travel arrangements, specialized travel services winrs comes in to action. They are called tour operators, a tour operator typically combines tour and travel components to create a holiday package for a individual or for group of people.Sometimes there is confusion over the difference in functions of tour operators and travel agents. Tour operators are the organizers and admitrs of package holidays. Whomakes contracts with hoteliers, airlines and ground transport companies then finally print brochures and advertise the holidays that they have assembled.TravlAgencyCultural SitesNatural SitesDestinationsCultural/ well-disposedEventsGroundOperatorsGroundTransportResturantTransport to/FromDestinationAccomodationTourOperatorTravel agents give advice, sell and administer the bookings for number of tour operators. As by definition, tour operators radia tion pattern packages, maintains the relationship between the other parties.ConsumerThe Package holidays offered may cover a wide range of destinations, both national and international, and can cover a variety of holidays, such as cruises, adventure, touring, winter and summer destinations.Task 1Describe the major accidents and incidents that could occur throughout the duration of the programme described above.Tourist destination is the most important component in a tour package. This helps tour operator to attract tourist for their packages. succeeding(a) are some of main tourist destinations tour operators use to attract tourist for their tour packagesActivities in tour packages.Based on the type and the requirement of the consumer tour operator creates a packages. If the tour pacakage is based on adventure tourism it will mainly consist of activity based tour itinerary. These activities are based on the tourist fixing they visit. As an archetype tour package in Africa include s a safari tour, in Dubai shopping and also safaris in deserts etc.Following are some of main activities that include in a tour package. These activities can be change by demand of travel group. And also it is tour operators certificate of indebtedness to arrange these activities with safety measures.Safari tourSurfingRaftingHorse ridingHikingNature walksHot air balloonHelicopter toursBridge jumping come downWhale watchingCruisingHistorical Places VisitGroup Events in hotelShoppingCultural eventBoat RidingAnother adventure eventsTourism and exaltationTransportation is the method using for travel one place to another. Travelling is main part of any form of tourism. No tourism take place without considering just about transportation. There are four main transportation methods used when it comes to travel and tourism, they are air, road, sea and railway. Most of tour operators used following methods of transportation heavily for their travel arrangements.Air - AviationThis is the m ost common method use for transportation within the tourism industry. This can be divide in two ways. International and domestic travel. Tour operators get this service through the travel agents.Ground- Coaches and aimThese are the two methods tour operators used to travel tourist in the ground. Most tour operators manage their own coaches services with well manage staff. If not they get the service from travel agents. Depend on the size of the group coaches can be varied.Railway is mainly managed by rail companies. They brook scheduled service within the home country. Tour operators may reserve seats for tourist group and use this service.Sea - Ships, FerryThis is the transport method heavily used when people travel in the water. Ships and Ferries provide link between group of islands, or islands and a larger land mass. Tour operators get the service through the cruise or ferry operators for their packages.5.Accidents in tourismAn accident is a specific, unexpected, unusual and u nintended external action which occurs in a particular time and place, with no apparent and deliberate cause but with marked effects. It implies a generally negative outcome which may have been avoided or prevented had circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its occurrence.(Wikipidea )As described above even in tourism there is a big possibility to take place an accident during the tour programme program. Following are some major accident that could happen in the tourism industry. These accident can be divided in to several section depend on the accident type and berth it happens.Accident Due to Natural phenomenaIts a common fact that natural phenomena cause huge accident and return to tourism industry. As an example Tsunami in 2004 December results number of deaths in the coastal area including tourist who were there at the time when it happened. Following are some of natural phenomena identified around the worldEarthquakesFloodLandslide sErosionFireStormsAccident in the TransportationWhen tour operators creating packages as described above they use various method of transportation to travel tourist. Following are some accidents that can tale place while transporting passengers,Air accidentsSea accidentsRail accidentsRoad accidentsAccidents due to ActivitiesAs we described in this article travelers are participating various kind of activities in the event. Due to these activities traveler can pillowcase to these type of accidents.Animal AttacksPool AccidentBeach accidentFalling downOverturn BoatBiologicalAlso there can be certain incedents that a traveler may face with following types of accidents,Communicable dis simple mindednesssFood hygieneIllnessAccident made by manIn a destination there can be sudden attracts or picketing that a traveler might face in to, some of them arepolitical ReasonsIncident investigationsTerrorist attacksTour operator goes bankruptcyCommon AccidentApart from all other following accident can happen to anyone including tourist at any time in anywhere,Meat with a robberyLost in the wayResult of accidentAccident always brings up the unwholesome result. Following are some of results can occur due to an accidents in the middle of travel package.Dead of one or more in a travel groupInjured of one or more in a travel groupTrip CancellationGroup stuck in a locationIllness of one or more group membersDelay from a schedule timeEconomy problem of group membersLost baggage.Task 2Produce a detailed and systematic Emergency Plan that can be put into action to deal with any major accident and/or emergency.As describe in above accidents are unpredictable and can occur anywhere at any time of the day. Since there are numerous great risks involved in tourism accidents it is commonly understood there should be proper measures take before those types of incidents take place. By which will ease the situation and avoid the panic among others.Planning for AccidentIt is tour operators r esponsibility to give safety for their travelers till the end of their journey. Using good plan to chemical reaction for accident can prevent or minimize risk for travelers. In this section we are talking about how to create a common plan to face above mention accidents.An emergency plan it can be divided in to three main section.Identifying the main accident and develop a action plan for those accidentsGive required training for the staff and information to travelers.Implement the plan and monitor the progressIdentifying the main accident and develop an action plan for those accidentsIn this step tour organizations must try to identify and narrow down what are the possible accident that can take place in a destination and how to develop an action plan for those. Priorities for the action plan can be changed depend on the tourist destination. As an example tour operator must give enough measures for accident related to animal attacks, communicable disease or food hygiene on trip i n Africa but less in Dubai. As we design a common plan for all of those identified potential incidents we need to bring previous the most suitable emergency plan that covers most of the accidents that can happen in destination.Following are the main points that need to be considered to complete in this step. The outcome for each point can be changed according to the destination.Point 1- appoint a person who can be in give when accident occurs.Every tour operator must have one or several people in charge to manage an event of emergency. Each group or individual must have a trusty person to lead them, in this case basically a guide can be used to do both guiding, that is part of the service a tour operator provide and in an accident to act as a trained helper by giving proper prior training to him/herPoint 2 -appoint a member or members from staff to response when accident occursOne or more members must be included in the response squad. Each of them must be given different tasks, response team must consist of following members to support in the event of emergencyCommunicationThis members responsibility is inform the head of the team first and then if involve to travelers if emergency occursSupportiveThis member responsibility is to check equipment, records and other thing are safe and in order.Fist aid supportThis one is responsible for first aid support to travelers in the event of emergency.Tour operators must identify or train current staff before members select team or appointing them to act in an accidentPoint 3 -Information is very important for every emergency plan. There for following information must include in the emergency plan. These details can be changed depending on the tour destination.Emergency assembly sitesWhen an event of accident tour operator must provide separate safe site to assemble for the travelers. As an example if the hotel met with fire put travelers to another hotel. excreting routeAlways must have a backup route to travel fo r destination. Then travelers can avoid a place where possible to meet with accidents. As a example avoid deluge areas.Staff contact detailsEvery action plan must have contact details of every member in the response team as well as the important numbers of tour operator company staff.Emergency contact numbersIn this section must have the numbers we can get help from in the event of emergency. As an example Police, Fire Department, HospitalsWarning message receiversIn this section we are guardianship a person or an organization where we can get further information regarding events of an accident or situation. As an example contact details of whether department, local police station.Point 4 - To reduce the impact of an accident tour operators must provide sufficient equipment to travelers. In this point emergency plan angle down the equipment needed for a emergencyFirst aid kitFire distinguishLife jacketsWhen first step is completed tour operator must come up with basic plan to mee t up with the accidents. It will list down all the actions and details that they must be inclined(p) for in an event of an accident. Following table show a sample of the outcome of first point. Using this information tour operators can minimize or prevent the effect of accident to travelers. This emergency plan must be given and communicated well with every tour guide who coordinates the travel group.No view PointAction or Name1Head of responsible Person2Appoint members who can act wise in an accidentCommunicationSupportFirst Aid3InformationEmergency assembly sitesEvacuation routeStaff contact detailsEmergency contact numbersWarning message receivers4EquipmentFirst aid kitFire distinguishLife JacketsGive necessary training for staff and information for travelersStaff.Even though tour operator makes a good emergency plan they need to involve the two parties that face the real situation. Those are staff and travelers. In this step main consideration is how to train the staff to face for accident situation and provide necessary information and assistance to the travelers.Staff readingWhen it comes to staff training company must decide what kind of training is needed. Also company need to decide who, where and when these training to be conducted. Following are some of the trainings that members of the emergency plan must undergo to act wise and confidently in an emergency.Basic trainingEvery staff in the organization must have an idea about emergency procedure within the organization. In this training all the staff will be trained about current emergency procedure in the organization. Following are some sections that are need to cover in this trainingInformation handlingEvacuation practiceBasic first aid trainingSpecialist trainingWhen selecting staff for the team, like first aid, communication, etc they need separate specialist training in those fields.Information to ClientsBefore the tour starts tour operator must give information to travelers how to act when an emergency. Following are some important information that can provide to the travelers.Where is evacuation PlacesTo whom they must inform when an emergency, like fire, illness, suspicions act. Also the contact details of staff in chargeWhere are the equipment to use when an event of emergencyApart from that it always good to give away these information where ever possible to see to both staff and travelers. Company can use following methods to display informationHandoutsDisplay BoardsOperation ManualImplementing and monitoring the planAfter above preparation tour operator must put this plan in to practice. Even through act perfectly right in company create emergency plan, does not entirely designate everything will work without any problems according to plan when in real situation. However it will help people in charge to practice and memories the things they need to do in an situation all though it always create problems when put these plan into practice. So tour operator must monitor the plan regularly and do the necessary changes to the plan. As an example if new evacuation point is created those details must update in to the plan or a member of an emergency plan leaves the operator new one should be appointed accurately.Anyhow creating an emergency plan that will be perfect for all incidents is like a neer ending loop. It always goes in a circle. If there is something new or someone new comes in we need to change the plan accordingly that mean we cannot create emergency plan once and for all and use it, we need to keep on adding changes and monitor it constantly to make it accurate and effective. By implementing this kind of method can have a most reliable emergency plan for the operator.Training/ Information to staff and clientImplement and Monitoring PlanMaking EmegencyPlan for AccidentCONCLUSIONAccidents in tourism is never a new or surprising thing to anybody, although accidents are common in this sector as many other sectors, tour operators must take enough precautions to minimize the impact of the accident as it will destroy the business they are involved and as well as the future of the industry, there for it is very vital to identify accidents that can occur during a tour programme and take appropriate steps to minimize these accidents and impact on those to the consumers, one generic way is to plan and implement emergency plan that covers most of the accidents and incidents that can take place while at a tour. For this, it is very important tour operator provides relevant training to the staff who are in and provide accurate information, facilities and support to minimize the impact on an accident to both consumers and to the industry itself.

The Saxophone Changed The World Film Studies Essay

The Saxoph one and only(a) Changed The World Film Studies EssayGot Sax? This is an slight paper. It has good info that is well presented. It is 1 page short of consideration for an A. Your grade is the highest B I can assign, and your point accumulation is 179 of a practicable 200 points.Lorna YoungWhether you listen to flap, metal, rap, jazz, classical or opera, the medication all has one connecting element, shafts. With protrude instruments the world and music would be a practically more settle and boring distance. Leo Tolstoy described Music as the shorthand of emotion (Brainy quotes, 1/11). Music can convey feelings and expressions that people can universally come across and feel not just listen to. A very powerful way to convey a feeling is by means of the playing of an instrument, and the best out of such(prenominal), the Saxophone. The Saxophone is a newer instrument but with its beautiful range and tone quality it brings life and feeling to the music art form. The S axophone has bring forth one of those so well loved instruments, in large part because of the beauty of its Tone. (Anonymous, 2011). The saxophone and its famous players pass changed the shape and sound of music forever.The sax was created by a Belgium man named Adolphe Sax, the son of a chief instrument maker. Adolphe learned his fathers skill and fifty-fifty surpassed his father in the trade. Adolphe being smart in the field, dictated the technical awkwardness of several(prenominal) instruments and also created several instruments in different materials and ways that others previously could not.Being the visionary he was, Adolphe had an idea to create a completely new instrument. This Instrument would combine the power of a brass instrument with the subtleties of a woodwind instrument and the facility of a stringed instrument. After much experimentation, he had his first working model in 1841, which he called the bass horn. It wasnt until a review of his new instrument in the French paper diary des Debats, however, that the name le saxophon or saxophone came intimately. In 1846, Adolphe Sax won 2 patents for his designs One for a set of saxophones intended for the orchestra and the other for a set of saxophones intended for military bands. Each set consisted of a range of sizes from the small sopranino saxophone to the huge subcontrabass saxophone. These two patents represented Adolphs two dreams for the saxophone (DeJesus).He put a clarinet-like back talkpiece onto a metal body with a conical shape similar to an oboe and came up with an instrument louder than traditionalistic woodwinds and suitable for military music (jazz-music- record.com, 2010). Adolphes invention changed military and classical music. Adolphe also treasured to include the saxophone in the orchestra setting but there came about near problems with this idea. Adolphe was a very proud man and wanted to always improve the string instruments, which the players and conductors prove extremely annoying. The sax at the time had several problems so it never became an important piece in the orchestral world. Adolphe also wanted the sax to become an important piece in the military band, which did become true. Adolphe showed the French military band the sax, and while reluctant at first, adopted the piece and was a huge success. Because of this, military bands all over the world wanted a sax in their band. With the saxs prevalence in the military band setting, the sax made it to New Orleans and started the creation of jazz, and its form that it is today (DeJesus). At first the sax was not hugely popular but, In the nineteen-twenties there were as numerous as one million saxophones sold, based solely on the sound of the recordings (Anonymous, 2011).The saxophone changed the world of music grandly with its sharp and smooth sound. The annals of Jazz music origins is attributed to the turn of the 20th century New Orleans, although this unique, exquisite medium occur red al just about simultaneously in other North American areas like Saint Louis, Kansas City and Chicago. Traits carried from West African black folk music developed in the Americas, joined with European popular and light classical music of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, became the syncopated rhythms of Ragtime and low chord voicings characteristic of the Blues ( toiletson, 2011). When Big Band and swing music was coming around in the 1930s the clarinet was the most greatly used instrument. save as the 1940s rolled around and Bop music became more popular clarinets as a solo instrument started to dwindle and they were replaced by the sax. perpetually since then(prenominal) the jazz industry has been forever changed with two leading instruments, trumpet and sax (jazz-music-history.com, 2010). Throughout the Saxophone History, the saxophone has enjoyed success in military bands, and then graduated to an increased solo repertoire in the classical world. Meanwhile, it has b ecome part of some popular music genres, such as pop, big band, blues, rock and roll, ska, and jazz. The saxophones relatively easy tuition curve has made it popular in public school music programs for children and adults alike (Anonymous, 2011).There have been many great saxophone players that have changed the face of the music industry, not just jazz. Charlie Parker is said to be one of the most influential and important saxophonists in the jazz community. Parker started despatch his music career in school where he play the baritone horn. His love of music and his interest moved him over to the alto saxophone. Pretty in short after starting the alto, Parker quit school and started playing with local bands. While playing with different bands he went to New York, which greatly influenced his name of music. After touring some Parker decided to move to New York. Parker got a job washing dishes and met Biddy Fleet a guitarist. Biddy taught parker about instrumental harmony. Severa l course of instructions afterwards Parker made his own group that made some of his most famous music. In 1955 at the height of his career he died in a friends flatbed (Louck, 2012). Charles Yardbird Parker was an amazing saxophonist who gained wide recognition for his brilliant solos and innovative improvisations. He was, without a doubt, one of the most influential and talented musicians in jazz history (Louck, 2012).Another one person to greatly influence jazz is John Coltrane. John Coltrane was always surrounded with music in his family and this is what started him off on the clarinet and the E-flat horn. As Coltrane got older and his tastes in music changed he switched over to the alto saxophone. After world war two where he served in the Navy Band, Coltrane began playing the nervous strain saxophone as well. During this s crimppage he played with many different bands and became sack outn for using a technique known as the sheets of sound where he would play at one time, multiple notes. Coltrane in 1960 created his own quartet and created some of the most innovative and expressive music in Jazz history including the hit albums My Favorite Things, Africa Brass, Impressions, Giant Steps, and his monumental work A Love Supreme which attests to the power, glory, love, and greatness of God. Coltrane felt we must all make a certain effort to effect positive change in the world, and that his music was an instrument to create positive thought patterns in the minds of people (John coltrane -, 2008). Later in 1967 John Coltrane died of liver disease. Coltranes music lives on today and he has been commemorated many times over. His music has been played in television shows such as Days of Our Lives, The Cosby Show, ER, and many more. Coltranes music has changed jazz into the expressive art form that it is today (John coltrane -, 2008).Another huge saxophone superstar and legend is Coleman Hawk Hawkins. From the Classic Jazz period to the Swing Era one player had a virtual monopoly on the variant sax, that man being Coleman Hawkins, a.k.a., the Hawk or the Bean. Hawkins (born 1904, St. Joseph, Mo.) was not the first jazzman to play the tenor but he was the loss leader in transforming it into a fully expressive, hard driving Jazz instrument. Following a ten year period of getting the hang of that confounded contraption, the Hawk went on to a fifty year career filled with near flawless playing as leader of his own groups as well as with an amazing variety of other combos. He was an inspiration to dozens of top notch Jazz tenor men (Weinstock Len). Coleman Hawkins was great because he mastered the sax in two forms, the hard riffs of playing many notes very quickly, and the slow ballads, this put him at the top of his class. He like the many other musicians bounced around from band to band playing whenever and wherever possible. Hawkins style was different from Charlie Parkers and his made Hawkins look old fashioned. Hawkins changed his style and played with other famous people, even John Coltrane. He also recorded with Duke Ellington. Hawkins had several different times where he was a band leader or accompanied others. He also was featured in the movie Stormy Weather in 1943(www.redhotjazz.com,).In the saxophone family there are many different kinds, each a different size. The most commonly played and seen saxophones are the soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone. There are stranger more rare types of saxophone such as the F Mezzo Soprano, C Soprano and F Baritone, but these are rarely seen in concert format. The soprano saxophone is the highest of the saxophones and is played in the key of B flat. This sax can either be found in a curved form, looking like a baby alto, or in a straight for, looking like a brass clarinet. This saxophone is not recommended for a beginner because of how strong of an embouchure is needed. Embouchure is the communicate position needed to play an instrument. The alto sax is usually the mo st commonly seen sax and is the next step lower in pitch. When one thinks of a saxophone one usually pictures the alto sax. This medium sized, curved with a smaller embouchure, instrument is the usual sax that a new player is started on. The alto sax is played in the key of E flat. The tenor sax, which is the next step lower in range, is a larger form of the alto sax and is played in the key of B flat. This type of sax is commonly used in jazz music but can be found in a concert setting also. The largest of all the saxophones commonly seen in music is the Baritone sax, which is also the lowest sound (About.com, 2001). If you saw this saxophone you would know it because it is huge compared to the alto. It takes a lot of lung power to play this horn but if played right, it sounds just as beautiful as the other horns.The saxophone is played in a different way than most instruments even though it closely resembles the embouchure of a clarinet. To play a saxophone, a saxophonist holds t he saxophone so that the give tongue topiece, which is attached to the crook, gently swings into the mouth for placement by adjusting the neck strap. (Smaller saxophones, such as the sopranino and soprillo, may be played without using a neck strap as it suits the player, but it is essential for the larger saxophones.) The mouthpiece is a shaped piece of rubber, plastic, metal, or glass that allows a reed, held in place by a ligature, to vibrate. These vibrations are the birthplace of sound within a saxophone. By placing the mouthpiece gently in ones mouth and blowing across the reed, vibrations travel through the body and out the tone holes that are uncovered. Pressing and opening specific keys allows different tone hole combinations, which gives the saxophonist the freedom to play over two octaves of pitches. (Some saxophonists can play many more octaves by using new fingerings and breath techniques in the upper range, which is known as altissimo) (Anonymous, 2011). When the mouth piece is in the mouth the player bites with his top teeth straight down on the mouthpiece. Some players opt to getting a sticker type guard for the top of the mouthpiece so it will not wear as fast. The bottom teeth are masked by the bottom lip so as not to bite the reed causing squeaking. A player then tightens the corners of the mouth as to frown and blows with a steady stream of air. The player breathes through the mouth in quick burst because breathing the nose does not get such a deep breath and it is slower. After many hours of practicing with hand placement, learning how to read music and playing one can have a new hobby that can be beneficial to the soul or even to the walletCharlie Parker once said Dont play the saxophone. Let it play you (Parker, 12/0). The Saxophone is deeply rooted in music and the players life. It is not just an instrument to some people, but a way of life. Music is very influential, almost as prominent as religion in some peoples lives. The clarinet ma y have been popular at one point but now the saxophone is one of the most prominent instruments in jazz to date. The saxophone is one of the most popular instruments to play and listen to as well. Adolphe Sax changed the music scene with his new instrument causing enjoyment for generations. Even with the saxophone never decorous a prominent part in the orchestra Adolphe Sax would be proud of how much the sax has influenced the music industry now and forever.

Portugal :: essays research papers

The republic of Portugal is located in the southwestern part ofEurope, situated in the western portion of the Iberian Peninsula,bordered by Spain on the north and east and by the Atlantic Oceanon the south and west. The Azores and Madeira Islands in theAtlantic are independent regions of Portugal, considered integralparts of the republic. Portugal administers adept overseasterritory, Macau (Macao) in eastern Asia near Hong Kong. Macau isscheduled to return to Chinese administration in 1999. The totalarea of metropolitan Portugal, including the Azores (2247 sq.km./868 sq. mi.) and the Madeira Islands (794 sq. km./307 sq.mi.), is 92,345 sq. km. (35,655 sq.mi.). The capital and thelargest city is Lisbon. clime varies in Portugal according to the altitude inwhich you are located. Low temperatures occur only in thecomparatively low regions of the south. The mean annualtemperature north of the Douro River is astir(predicate) 10 C (about 50 F).Between Tajo and Douro the temperature is ab out 16 C (about 60F). The temperatures in the valley of the Guadiana are at about18 C (about 65 F). Rainfall is very heavy, especially in thenorth.Minerals are the most valuable natural resources inPortugal. Much of these resources were developed until afterWorld state of war 2 (1939-1945). Some of the mineral resources are coal,copper, gold, iron ore, kaolin, tin, and wolframite, which is Acosta 2source of tungsten. The most sufficient trees are the evergreenoak, cork, poplar, and olive. Portugal is also a home of umpteenkinds of wild animals. some of these wild animals include thewolf, lynx, wildcat, fox, wild boar, wild goat, deer, and hare.Portugal also has big waterpower resources in its rivers andmountain streams.The Portuguese are a combination of several(prenominal) ethnicelements, principally Iberians, Romans, Visigoths, and laterMoors. The people still live for the most part, in ruralvillages. The population of Portugal, including the Azores andMadeira Islands, is 9,931, 045. The overall population density is108 people per sq. km. (280 per sq. mi.). Mainland Portugal is change integrity into 18 districts for administrative causes Aveiro,Beja, Braga, Bragnca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, vora, Faro,Guarda, Leiria, Lisbon, Porto, Portalegre, Santarm, Setbal,Viana do Castelo, Villa Real, and Viseu. The Azores and theMadeira Islands each constitute an autonomous region.Roman Catholicism is the faith of more than 94 percentof the Portuguese people. The brass guarantees freedom ofreligion, and some Protestant churches have been established. Theofficial language of the country is Portuguese.Portuguese culture is closely related to the Spanish cultureand has been influenced by the deuce-ace primary cultures from which

gender changes in the sun also rises Essay example -- essays research

The Sun Also Rises, by Ernest Hemingway is a story of being apart of the Lost Generation in the 1920s. The with child(p) warfare had changed the ideas of morality, faith and justice and many people began to feel lost. Their traditional values were changed and the morals practically gone. The Lost Generation rejected Victorian ideologies ab forbidden gender, gender and identity. The main characters, Brett and Jake, redefine masculinity and femininity, drifting away from the Victorian ideals of sexuality and identity.Lady Brett Ashley is a perfect example of how women in the Lost Generation changed. Brett strives for an identity that Victorian women would not look for. She also underwriteks more activity in the social sphere. By doing these things, Brett rejects the Victorian ideals of proper behavior of women and marriage. The time after the Great War is a perfect stage in which Brett can begin to express herself freely. She enters the social scene, which is predominately male, n evertheless though she is not socially accepted. She goes to bars and gets drunk, she even goes to bullfights, which are bloody and violent, to try to become accepted by her male counterparts as not just a woman but a person equal to them. Brett also uses sex to break free of the traditional Victorian ideals and to explore a new lifestyle where women are free to do as they please. Victorianism established clear emphasis added sexual boundaries and a single standard of monogamy for men and women that ensured a stable family and allowed for passion within committed kinds. (White) Brett obviously throws these boundaries out the door. She is characterized as a female unconstrained by sexual repression, going about sleeping with whomever she feels fit, unstoppable by the Victorian ideologies of what women and sex should be. However, her many meaningless, distressed relationships with men are repeatedly as tumultuous as the new, modern world in which she lives.Throughout her many atte mpts to set herself apart from the traditional world, she hush acts uncertainly about what she wants. Lady Brett in many ways is torn between the new modern woman and the idealistic Victorian woman. You can see this in her dependence on men for money, as in her engagem... ... to be with Brett, but he can not because of his accident. Since sex is such a campaign force in Bretts life, she could not stand to be with him. Jake can just now be friends with Brett, this gives us the idea of a new kind of relationship between men and women.In conclusion, Jake and Brett do a very good job of making the transition from Victorian ideas to modern beliefs visible to readers. Not only do they redefine their sexuality, but they seem to go though a sort of role reversal, where females aggressively express their feelings and men cry. Works CitedElliott, Ira. Performance imposture Jake Barnes and Masculine Signification.American Literature Mar. 1995 1-2 Fulton, Lorie Watkins. Reading Around Jake s Narration Brett Ashley and The Sun Also Rises. Hemingway Review Fall 2004 20-61White, Kevin. informal Liberation or Sexual License? The American Revolt Against Victorian Sexuality. Chicago Ivan R. Dee, 2000.